Foreign body in scrotum following a boat engine blast accident

Male genital injuries, demand prompt management to prevent long-term  sexual and psychological damage. Injuries to the scrotum and contents may produce impaired fertility.We report our experience in diagnosing and managing a case of a foreign body in the scrotum following a boat engine blast accident. This case report highlights the need for a good history and thorough general examination to establish the mechanism of injury in order to distinguish between an embedded penetrating projectile injury and an injury with an exit wound. Prompt surgical exploration with hematoma evacuation limits complications.Keywords: Blast Injury, Scrotal Haematoma, Ischaemia, Laceration, Penetrating injur

Investment success in public health: an analysis of the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis

Background. It has been estimated that $154 million per year will be required during 2015–2020 to continue the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). In light of this, it is important to understand the program’s current value. Here, we evaluate the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of the preventive chemotherapy that was provided under the GPELF between 2000 and 2014. In addition, we also investigate the potential cost-effectiveness of hydrocele surgery. Methods. Our economic evaluation of preventive chemotherapy was based on previously published health and economic impact estimates (between 2000 and 2014). The delivery costs of treatment were estimated using a model developed by the World Health Organization. We also developed a model to investigate the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted by a hydrocelectomy and identified the cost threshold under which it would be considered cost-effective. Results. The projected cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of preventive chemotherapy were very promising, and this was robust over a wide range of costs and assumptions. When the economic value of the donated drugs was not included, the GPELF would be classed as highly cost-effective. We projected that a typical hydrocelectomy would be classed as highly cost-effective if the surgery cost less than$66 and cost-effective if less than $398 (based on the World Bank’s cost-effectiveness thresholds for low income countries). Conclusions. Both the preventive chemotherapy and hydrocele surgeries provided under the GPELF are incredibly cost-effective and offer a very good investment in public health

Investment success in public health: An analysis of the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis

Background It has been estimated that US$154 million per year will be required during 2015–2020 to continue the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). In light of this, it is important to understand the current value of the programme. In the paper, we evaluate the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of the preventive chemotherapy provided under the GPELF between 2000-2014. In addition, we also investigate the potential cost-effectiveness of hydrocele surgery. Methods Our economic evaluation of preventive chemotherapy was based on previously published health and economic impact estimates (between the years 2000-2014). The delivery costs of treatment were estimated using a model developed by the WHO. We also developed a model to investigate the number of DALYs averted by a hydrocelectomy,and identified the cost threshold under which it would be considered cost-effective ( Results The projected cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of preventive chemotherapy were very promising and this was robust over a very wide range of costs and assumptions. When not including the economic value of the donated drugs, the GPELF would be classed as highly cost-effective. We projected that a typical hydrocelectomy would be classed as highly costeffective if the surgery cost less than US$66, and cost-effective if less than US$398 (based on the World Bank cost-effectiveness thresholds). Conclusions Both the preventive chemotherapy and hydrocele surgeries provided under the GPELF are incredibly cost-effective and offer a very good investment in public health.</p

Short Vapour Residence Time Catalytic Pyrolysis of Spruce Sawdust in a Bubbling Fluidized-Bed Reactor with HZSM-5 Catalysts

Catalytic pyrolysis of spruce sawdust was carried out in a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor using HZSM-5 catalysts. The effects of space velocity, catalyst deactivation, catalyst acidity and catalyst regeneration were studied. The use of catalysts decreased the yield of organic liquids compared to non-catalytic yields while the yields of pyrolytic water and gases increased. Decreasing the space velocity enhanced these effects. The rate of catalyst deactivation depended on the acidity of the catalyst, with more acidic catalysts deactivating more rapidly. Using a catalyst with a Si/Al ratio of 140 resulted in the largest changes in bio-oil properties. Periodic regeneration of the catalyst in the fluidized-bed reactor was also demonstrated using varying regeneration times and temperatures. It was shown that compared to BFB reactors, CFB reactor types would offer better operating characteristics for commercial scale catalytic pyrolysis processes in regard to vapour residence times, and catalyst activity and regeneration