1,389 research outputs found

    Ceteris Paribus Laws

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    Laws of nature take center stage in philosophy of science. Laws are usually believed to stand in a tight conceptual relation to many important key concepts such as causation, explanation, confirmation, determinism, counterfactuals etc. Traditionally, philosophers of science have focused on physical laws, which were taken to be at least true, universal statements that support counterfactual claims. But, although this claim about laws might be true with respect to physics, laws in the special sciences (such as biology, psychology, economics etc.) appear to have—maybe not surprisingly—different features than the laws of physics. Special science laws—for instance, the economic law “Under the condition of perfect competition, an increase of demand of a commodity leads to an increase of price, given that the quantity of the supplied commodity remains constant” and, in biology, Mendel's Laws—are usually taken to “have exceptions”, to be “non-universal” or “to be ceteris paribus laws”. How and whether the laws of physics and the laws of the special sciences differ is one of the crucial questions motivating the debate on ceteris paribus laws. Another major, controversial question concerns the determination of the precise meaning of “ceteris paribus”. Philosophers have attempted to explicate the meaning of ceteris paribus clauses in different ways. The question of meaning is connected to the problem of empirical content, i.e., the question whether ceteris paribus laws have non-trivial and empirically testable content. Since many philosophers have argued that ceteris paribus laws lack empirically testable content, this problem constitutes a major challenge to a theory of ceteris paribus laws

    Numerical simulation of a linear stochastic oscillator with additive noise

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    The ability of numerical methods to reproduce long-time features of a linear stochastic oscillator is examined. It is shown that certain, widely-used, methods fail to capture the correct second moment growth rate, whereas a customized extension of the partitioned Euler method behaves well in this respect. It is also shown that the partitioned Euler method inherits an infinite-oscillation property. A weaker oscillation result is proved for a wide class of numerical methods

    Bayesianische BestÀtigung des Irrationalen? Zum Problem der genuinen BestÀtigung

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    Der herkömmliche bayesianische BestĂ€tigungsbegriff hat das Problem, dass ihm zufolge auch pseudowissenschaftliche ErklĂ€rungshypothesen bestĂ€tigt werden. Ein Beispiel ist der rationalisierte Kreationismus, demzufolge die aktuelle Welt so ist wie sie ist, weil Gott sie so geschaffen hat. Solche PseudoerklĂ€rungen zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass durch sie beliebige Erfahrungen ex-post, also im nachhinein, erklĂ€rbar sind. Intuitiv betrachtet sind sie erst gar nicht bestĂ€tigungsfĂ€hig. Alternative BestĂ€tigungsbegriffe, welche diese Intuition einzufangen versuchen, sind das novel prediction (NP) und das use novelty (UN) Kriterium der BestĂ€tigung. Gegen beide Kriterien gibt es schwerwiegende EinwĂ€nde. In diesem Vortrag entwickle ich das Kriterium der genuinen BestĂ€tigung, welches das Problem der PseudoerklĂ€rungen rein probabilistisch löst und noch weitere VorzĂŒge gegenĂŒber den bisher vorgeschlagenen BestĂ€tigungsbe-griffen besitzt

    Beliefs about Teaching and Learning in the Digital Age

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    Obwohl gut ausgebaute personelle und technische Rahmenbedingungen an deutschen Hochschulen einen flĂ€chendeckenden Einsatz digitaler Lehr-Lern-Technologien in den letzten Jahren immer weiter vereinfacht haben, ist nur eine geringe und fachspezifisch recht unterschiedlich gestaltete Einbindung dieser Technologien in die Lehre zu beobachten. Die Erforschung von Beliefs (dt. Überzeugungen) von Hochschullehrenden stellt eine Möglichkeit dar, so die Annahme des Beitrags, ZusammenhĂ€nge zwischen den subjektiven Sichtweisen der Lehrenden auf Lehr-Lern-Prozesse und der Einbindung digitaler Lehr-Lern-Technologien abseits objektiver Rahmenbedingungen zu identifizieren. Im folgenden Beitrag wird ein Forschungsdesign vorgestellt, das sich mit der Frage befasst, welche individuellen Überzeugungen Lehrende ihrem Lehrhandeln zugrunde legen und welche Bedeutung sie digitalen Lehr-Lern-Technologien fĂŒr einen gelingenden Lehr-Lern-Prozess zuweisen. Dargestellt werden ausserdem Überlegungen, welchen Einfluss lehrbezogene und mediale Sozialisationen auf die Überzeugungen zum Einsatz von digitalen Technologien in der Lehre besitzen könnten. Abschliessend werden qualitative und quantitative Forschungsmethoden dargelegt, die fĂŒr eine Erhebung der ZusammenhĂ€nge angedacht sind. Das Forschungsdesign wird in einem Promotionsvorhaben an der Hochschule OsnabrĂŒck mit der Untersuchungsgruppe der Professor/-innen umgesetzt.Although digital technology is becoming more and more common in university life due to a good infrastructural development, we can observe a rare use of digital technologies by teachers in higher education. Also the usage of technology differs widely from one discipline to another. The concept of beliefs provides an explanatory potential to take a closer look at possible links between teachers' personal views on teaching and learning and the usage of digital technologies in higher education. This paper presents an approach to examine the teachers' beliefs on the concept of good teaching, and their beliefs about the ability of digital technology to improve their teaching successfully. A planned study ought to collect the underlying teachers' beliefs about teaching, learning, and digital technology. First considerations are represented concerning the collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data. The study will take part in a case study at the University of Applied Sciences OsnabrĂŒck

    Interactive Causes: Revising the Markov Condition

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    This paper suggests a revision of the theory of causal nets (TCN). In Section 1 we introduce an axiomatization of TCN based on a realistic understanding. It is shown that the causal Markov condition entails three independent principles. In Section 2 we analyze inde-terministic decay as the major counterexample to one of these principles: screening-off by common causes (SCC). We call (SCC)-violating common causes interactive causes. In Sec-tion 3 we develop a revised version of TCN, called TCN*, which accounts for interactive causes. It is shown that there are interactive causal models that admit of no faithful non-interactive reconstruction

    Letter, Carl Schurz to Riggs, March 27, 1900

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    This handwritten letter, dated March 27, 1900, is written from Carl Schurz to Riggs. The letter is an accpetance to an invitation.https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/fvw-manuscripts-schurz/1052/thumbnail.jp

    Letter, Carl Schurz to Sinclair, February 9, Year Unknown

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    This handwritten letter, dated February 9, is written from Carl Schurz to Mr. Sinclair. The letter offers to write an article.https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/fvw-manuscripts-schurz/1058/thumbnail.jp

    Letter, Carl Schurz to Chamber of Commerce, November 5, 1901

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    This handwritten letter, dated November 5, 1901, is written from Carl Schurz to Chamber of Commerce, accepting their invitation to their 133rd Annual Banquet.https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/fvw-manuscripts-schurz/1054/thumbnail.jp

    Unification and explanation: explanation as a prototype concept. A reply to Weber and van Dyck, Gijsbers, and de Regt

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    El artĂ­culo analiza la unificaciĂłn como virtud explicativa. En su primera parte hago una breve exposiciĂłn del enfoque de la unificaciĂłn de Schurz y Lambert (1994) y Schurz (1999). Ilustro las ventajas de este planteamiento sobre otros anteriores, como Friedman (1974) y Kitcher (1981). En la segunda parte (secc. 3) discuto varios comentarios y objeciones al enfoque Schurz-Lambert planteados por Weber y van Dyck (2002), Gijsbers (2007) y de Regt (2005). En la tercera y Ășltima parte (secc. 4) argumento que la explicaciĂłn deberĂ­a entenderse como un concepto prototipo que contiene la esperabilidad nĂłmica, la causalidad y la unificaciĂłn como virtudes prototĂ­picas de las explicaciones, aunque ninguna de estas virtudes ofrece una condiciĂłn "definitoria", suficiente y necesaria, de la explicaciĂłn
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