Nyeri neuropatik : pendekatan diagnostic

Neurophatic pain : diagnostic approach Diagnostic approach consisting of a careful history, physical examinitation and special tests. It is possible to clarify the nature of insult to the nervous system. Historycal information provides important clues to diagnosis. Knowledge about the course and the tempo of the disease will narrow diagnostic possibilities. Many neuropathic pain are symptoms of multi system illness. Mc Gill pain questionnaire have been developed to help in this effort. Categorical scales use words to describe the magnitude of the pain. Visual Analogue Scales (VAS). maybe used to assess pain relief or pain intensity. Paediatric Pain Scales (PPS) to draw a picture of pain. Activities of daily living (ADL) scales can be used to assess defisits in functional abilities and to monitor a patient\u27s progress over time. Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS) has been developed to assess distinct pain qualities associated with neuropathic pain syndromes. The physical examinitation include a complete neurological examination (motor system, somato sensory and autonomic assessment). Electrodiagnostic studies performed to the particular clinical situation. Nerve biopsy has little useful information. Neuropathic pain can be a prominent presenting symptom : trigeminal neuralgia, post herpelic neuralgia, alcoholic neuropathy, phantom limb pain, Fabry\u27s disease, burning feet syndrome, reflexsympathetic dystrophy and diabetic neuropathies. Key words : neuropathic pain- McGill pain questionaire- neuropathic pain scale- paediatric pain scale visual analogue scal

Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Karies Baru dengan Pendekatan Kariogram pada Pasien Anak di Klinik Kedokteran Gigi Anak RSGMP Prof. Soedomo Yogyakarta

Latar belakang. Faktor risiko karies adalah faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian karies pada individu dan populasi. Faktor risiko karies berbeda antar individu. Untuk menggambarkan interaksi antara faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan karies digunakan kariogram. Tujuan. Penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran urutan faktor risiko karies dengan pendekatan kariogram pada pasien anak di klinik Kedokteran Gigi Anak RSGMP Prof. Soedomo. Metode. Subjek terdiri dari 26 anak dalam periode gigi-geligi bercampur. Dilakukan pemeriksaan tentang pengalaman karies, riwayat penyakit sistemik, frekuensi makan, skor plak, aktivitas Streptococcus mutans, volume sekresi saliva, pH saliva dan program fluoridasi. Hasil pemeriksaan dianalisis menggunakan program kariogram. Hasil. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata persentase faktor bakteri adalah 21,1%, faktor pola makan: 18,1%, faktor kerentanan gigi: 16,1% dan faktor lain-lain: 9,5%. Kesimpulan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa urutan faktor risiko karies dengan pendekatan kariogram adalah bakteri, pola makan, kerentanan gigi dan faktor lain-lain. Background. Caries risk factor is factor related with caries incidence in individu and population. The caries risk factor is different between individu. For illustrating the interaction between caries related factors may be used cariogram. Aim. The aim of this research was to find out the sequence of caries risk factors from cariogram on children patients at the Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry Prof. Soedomo dental hospital. Method. Subjects were comprised 26 children in the periode of mixed dentition. Examinations were included: experience of caries, the history of systemic disease, daily meal frequency, plaque scoring, activity of Streptococcus mutans, the volume of saliva secretion, pH of saliva, and the participations of fluoridation program. The examination result were analyzed with programme cariogram. Result. The result showed that the mean of percentage bacteria factor was 21,1%, meal pattern factor: 18,1%, susceptible teeth factor: 16,1% and others factors 9,5%. Conclusion. It could be concluded that the sequence of caries risk factors from cariogram were bacteria, meal pattern, susceptible teeth and others factors

FAKTOR RISIKO TERJADINYA KARIES BARU DENGAN PEN DEKATAN KARIOGRAM PADA PASIEN ANAK DI KLINIK KEDOKTERAN GIGI ANAK RSGMP PROF.SOEDOMO YOGYAKARTA

Latar belakang. Faktor risiko karies adalah faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian karies pad a individu dan populasi. Faktor risiko karies berbeda antar individu. Untuk menggambarkan interaksi antara faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan karies digunakan kariogram. Tujuan. Penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran urutan faktor risiko karies dengan pendekatan kariogrampada pasien anak di klinikKedokteran Gigi Anak RSGMP Prof.Soedomo. Metode. Subjek terdiridari 26 anak dalam periode gigi-geligi bercampur. Dilakukan pemeriksaan tentang pengalaman karies, riwayat penyakit sistemik, frekuensi makan, skor plak, aktivitas Streptococcus mutans, volume sekresi saliva, pH saliva dan program fluoridasi. Hasil pemeriksaan dianalisis menggunakan program kariogram. Hasil. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata persentase faktor bakteri adalah 21,1%, faktor pola makan: 18,1%, faktor kerentanan gigi: 16,1% dan faktor lain-lain: 9,5%. Kesimpulan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa urutan faktor risiko karies dengan pendekatan kariogram adalah bakteri, pola makan, kerentanan gigi dan faktor lain-lain. Maj Ked GiDesember 201219(2): 107-10

Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids biosynthesis and its regulation in Catharanthus roseus: a literature review from genes to metabolites

Plant science

Developmental biology of melanocytes

Apart from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the blastocyst, neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) in vertebrate embryos represent the stem cell population in our body with the broadest developmental potential, generating most of the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as various nonneural cell types, such as smooth muscle cells in the outflow tract of the heart, craniofacial bone, and cartilage and, in particular, melanocytes in the skin. It is assumed that a third of all congenital birth defects are due to failures in neural crest development, illustrating the significance of this stem cell population. Moreover, processes underlying melanocyte development appear to be recapitulated, at least partially, during formation of melanoma, the most aggressive skin tumor. For instance, it has recently been shown that an embryonic NCSC gene expression signature is reactivated upon tumor initiation in a zebrafish model of melanoma, suggesting a functional involvement of a NCSC program in tumors originating from neural crest derivatives. Thus, to gain insights into melanoma biology, it is important to understand the mechanisms regulating NCSC and melanocyte development, as outlined in this chapter