The kinetic fragility of liquids as manifestation of the elastic softening

We show that the fragility $m$, the steepness of the viscosity and relaxation time close to the vitrification, increases with the degree of elastic softening, i.e. the decrease of the elastic modulus with increasing temperature, in universal way. This provides a novel connection between the thermodynamics, via the modulus, and the kinetics. The finding is evidenced by numerical simulations and comparison with the experimental data of glassformers with widely different fragilities ($33 \le m \le 115$), leading to a fragility-independent elastic master curve extending over eighteen decades in viscosity and relaxation time. The master curve is accounted for by a cavity model pointing out the roles of both the available free volume and the cage softness. A major implication of our findings is that ultraslow relaxations, hardly characterised experimentally, become predictable by linear elasticity. As an example, the viscosity of supercooled silica is derived over about fifteen decades with no adjustable parameters.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures; Added new results, improved the theoretical sectio

Formulation and Bioequivalence Testing of Fixed-Dose Combination Orally Disintegrating Tablets for the Treatment of Tuberculosis in the Paediatric Population

Tuberculosis (TB) is believed to affect around 10 million people worldwide. Treatment for TB includes isoniazid and rifampicin, with fixed-dose combination (FDC) recommended for improved patient compliance. Similarly, orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are an increasingly popular dosage form that aid compliance since they do not require swallowing. In this study ODTs of isoniazid and rifampicin, either as discrete or FDC doses, were formulated and bioequivalence between single and combination doses compared using in vitro and in silico approaches. Dissolution profiles were compared using FDA advised difference (f 1) and similarity (f 2) testing in biorelevant media. Rifampicin release from FDCs decreased by approximately 15% in fed-state media (failed f 1 and f 2), which was attributed to enhanced rifampicin degradation in the presence of isoniazid at lower pH. Apparent permeability (P app) values derived from Caco-2 transport studies were included alongside dissolution results into a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, to simulate in vivo bioavailability in healthy subjects. Models showed no difference in bioavailability between formulations or dosing (fasted or fed) state, despite the failures in dissolution-based bioequivalence testing, highlighting shortcomings in f 1 and f 2 assessment and the strength of PBPK models

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) CRUSHER

The present methods of disposing the damaged and/or redundant cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are resulting in major environmental, health and safety issues. CRTs contain toxins, such as lead and barium which can leak into the soil, contaminate groundwater and result in a host of ailments, poisoning and death in humans. This paper presents a safe, low cost, locally engineered novel approach to crush CRTs, and to collect the components in granular form for further processing. An engine driven, hydraulic CRT crusher has been designed, developed and tested as a part of this wor

Parametrization of linear controller for bumpless switching in multi-controller schemes

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe