Palatabilizantes em dietas de leitões recém-desmamados

In order to verify the effectiveness of sugar and sweeteners containing saccharin and neohesperidin in diets of piglets, two experiments were conducted, both with 42 newborn piglets weaned at 21 days old. Were offered three diets: control diet (DC), diet with sugar (DA) and diet with sweetener (DE). The experiments were done in randomized blocks, the first of which had seven replicates and two animals per experimental unit and the second, six replicates and one animal per experimental unit comprising a factorial 3 x 2 + 1 design (three diets, two slaughter ages: at 28 and 35 days of age and slaughter on the day of weaning). In the first experiment, the animals remained in the nursery facilities until 63 days of age to evaluate the performance and the economic viability of the diets. In the second experiment, the animals were slaughtered to weigh the organs, measure the length of the small intestine and collect segments of the duodenum and jejunum to determine intestinal morphology. There were no differences between diets for the average dairy feed intake (ADFI), average dairy gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F) in Periods 1 (21 to 28 days), 3 (21 to 50 days) and 4 (21 to 63 days old). In Period 2 (21 to 35 days), animals that consumed DE had higher (P<0.05) ADFI and ADG, compared to those fed the DA. In Periods 1, 2 and 3 a lower cost per kg of the diet of live weight gain and better economic indicators for the animals fed DE were observed. No differences were observed between the diets when evaluating intestinal morphology and organ weights, except for the weight of the stomach, which was higher in animals fed DE. The inclusion of sweetener is effective in improving performance in Period 2, and is viable under the economical point of view.Com o intuito de verificar a eficácia do açúcar e do edulcorante à base de sacarina sódica e neoesperidina nas dietas de leitões, foram realizados dois experimentos, ambos com 42 leitões recém-desmamados aos 21 dias de idade. Foram oferecidas três dietas: dieta controle (DC), dieta com açúcar (DA) e dieta com edulcorante (DE). Os experimentos foram em blocos ao acaso, sendo o primeiro com sete repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental e o segundo com seis repetições, um animal por unidade experimental, e arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 + 1 (três dietas, duas épocas de abate: aos 28 e 35 dias de idade e um abate no dia do desmame). No primeiro experimento, os animais permaneceram nas instalações de creche até 63 dias de idade para avaliação do desempenho e da viabilidade econômica das dietas. No segundo experimento, os animais foram abatidos para se proceder à pesagem de órgãos, medição do comprimento do intestino delgado e coleta dos segmentos do duodeno e jejuno para realização da morfometria intestinal. Não houve diferenças entre as dietas para consumo diário de ração (CDR), ganho diário de peso (GDP) e conversão alimentar (CA) nos períodos 1 (21 aos 28 dias), 3 (21 aos 50 dias) e 4 (21 aos 63 dias de idade). No período 2 (21 aos 35 dias), os animais que consumiram a DE apresentaram maior (P<0,05) CDR e GDP, se comparados aos que consumiram a DA. Nos períodos 1, 2 e 3, foi observado menor custo da dieta por kg de peso vivo ganho e melhores índices econômico e de custo para os animais que consumiram DE. Ao se avaliar a morfometria intestinal e o peso de órgãos, não se observou diferença entre as dietas, com exceção para o peso do estômago, que foi maior nos animais que consumiram DE. A inclusão de edulcorante é eficaz em melhorar o desempenho no período 2, além de ser viável sob o ponto de vista econômico.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Influence of feeding differentiation on the age at onset of puberty in Brazilian Bergamasca dairy ewe lambs

The objective of the study was to evaluate body growth and age at onset of puberty on lambs fed two specific diets for low and high growth rates. A herd of 20 Brazilian Bergamasca lambs was divided in two groups (n= 10) and kept confined throughout the experimental period, two animals of the same treatment/pen. Two phases were established: Phase 1, from 90 days of age until the onset of puberty; and Phase 2, from puberty onset up to 1 year old. For Phase 1, two distinct diets were formulated, being: Treatment A, which was formulated to obtain an average daily gain of approximately 150g; and Treatment B, for an average daily gain of about 250g. In Phase 2, a balanced, equal diet was provided to both groups. Every 14 days, the animals were weighed and given average daily gain, average daily dry matter intake and body condition score. From the 5th month of age on, in each group, a vasectomized male was used to detect estrus, establishing age at puberty onset and estrus interval for each lamb. Blood samples were collected every 28 days to determine plasma growth hormone concentration. Treatment B lambs gained more weight and had higher body condition score (P0.05) between treatments. It was found that both treatments showed satisfactory performances. Thus, treatment A may be indicated as a reasonable feeding system to achieve positive responses on confined ewe lambs during growth phase

Turnover of carbon in blood and plasma, growth stages and posture, japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The study aimed to evaluate the turnover of 13C in the blood and plasma of Japanese quail using the technique of stable isotopes to obtain the level of isotopic equilibrium that will be the foundation for studies of traceability. A total of 300 birds during the experimental period of 1-42 and 49-97 days of age. The first phase of the treatments consisted of diets based on rice (C3), with or without meat and beef bones and a diet based on corn (C4). This was first examined the turnover signal farm matrix isotope-based diets based diets C4 to C3, as well as isotopic differences of diets with or without animal meal In the second stage there was a substitution of diets, or C4 treatment of the first stage passes to consume C3-based diet than before treatment and diet consumed C3 to C4 diet. To determine the turnover rate and the estimated percentage of participation of flour in the composition of the collected material was used isotope dilution model using δ13C values. A comparison of the half-lives of blood and plasma from the first phase discloses the enrichment of dietary δ 13C, in the second phase was observed after incorporation speeds exchange diets.O estudo objetivou avaliar o turnover do 13C no sangue e plasma de codornas japonesas utilizando a técnica de isótopos estáveis, para a obtenção do patamar de equilíbrio isotópico que servirá de fundamento para estudos de rastreabilidade. Foram utilizadas 300 aves durante o período experimental de 1-42 e 49-97 dias de idade. Os tratamentos da primeira fase foram constituídos de dietas à base de arroz (C3), contendo ou não farinha de carne e ossos bovinos e um com dieta à base de milho (C4). Nessa primeira fase foi analisado o turnover do sinal isotópico do matrizeiro à base de dietas C4 para dietas à base de C3, como também as diferenças isotópicas das dietas contendo ou não farinha de origem animal. Na segunda fase houve uma substituição de dietas, ou seja, as aves no tratamento C4 da primeira fase passaram a consumir dieta C3, e o tratamento que antes consumia dieta C3 passou para dieta C4. Para determinar a taxa de turnover e o percentual estimado de participação da farinha na composição do material coletado, foi empregado o modelo de diluição isotópica utilizando valores do δ13C. A comparação entre as meias-vidas do sangue e plasma da primeira fase revelou o enriquecimento do δ13C na dieta; já na segunda fase foi possível observar as velocidades de incorporação após a troca das dietas

Modelagem matemática para o aproveitamento da biomassa residual de colheita da cana-de-açúcar com menor custo Mathematical modeling for sugarcane residual biomass exploitation with minimum cost

O palhiço derivado da colheita de cana-de-açúcar crua, com a redução gradativa das queimadas nos canaviais, tornou-se foco para os pesquisadores e produtores. As vantagens no recolhimento, na recuperação e no aproveitamento têm mobilizado pesquisadores de universidades, gerentes e diretores de usinas, interessados em encontrar a maneira mais produtiva, econômica e eficaz de realizar esse processo. O recolhimento do palhiço é feito em quatro estágios: primeiro o palhiço é enleirado, depois passado por uma máquina de compactação, posteriormente, acondicionado no caminhão e, finalmente, transportado para o centro de processamento. O estudo da viabilidade de aproveitamento desse resíduo para a geração de energia pode ser feito com base no custo e no balanço de energia, ou seja, a energia gerada por essa biomassa menos a energia consumida no processo. Neste trabalho, é proposto o uso de técnicas matemáticas para auxiliar na escolha das variedades da cana-de-açúcar a serem plantadas a fim de otimizar o balanço de energia da biomassa residual de colheita e minimizar o custo de coleta dessa biomassa do campo para o centro de produção, além de satisfazer as principais necessidades da usina.<br>With the gradual reduction in harvest burning, the straw derived from raw sugarcane harvest has become a focal point for researchers and producers alike. The advantages of retrieving, recovering and using this straw have motivated university researchers and sugar mill managers and directors to find the most productive, economic and efficient way to carry out such process. The retrievement of the straw is done in four phases: first it is joined and later bundled by a compacting machine, it is then loaded into trucks and finally transported to the processing center. The feasibility of using this residue in order to generate energy is linked to the cost and the energy balance, that is, the difference between energy generated by the biomass and the energy used in the process. In this work, it is proposed the use of mathematical techniques to assist in choosing the sugar cane varieties to be planted in order to optimize the residual biomass energy balance and minimize the cost in collecting the biomass and carrying from the field to the production center, in addition to satisfying the main needs of the mill

Age influence on quality of shell and penetration in bacterial laying lightweight eggs

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the influence of the bird’s age on the quality of the shell and percentage of bacterial penetration in commercial eggs. White-shelled commercial eggs were used, laid by light laying hens in their first laying cycle at 21, 39, 51, and 62 weeks of age. Shell quality evaluations comprised: egg weight, specific gravity, percentage and thickness of shell, number and size of pores. For evaluations regarding bacterial penetration, strains of several enterobacterias and one salmonella were used, all of which resistant to Nalidixic acid (100µg/ml). The method employed for evaluation of bacterial penetration was filling the eggs with growth medium. The data were subjected to variance analysis with 5% of probability using SAS (Education Analytical Software, 2013). Eveb though increase in the laying hen's age caused reduction of the quality of eggshells, it failed to affect the percentage of penetration of the bacterial samples evaluated

Age influence on quality of shell and penetration in bacterial laying lightweight eggs

<div><p>ABSTRACT This study evaluated the influence of the bird’s age on the quality of the shell and percentage of bacterial penetration in commercial eggs. White-shelled commercial eggs were used, laid by light laying hens in their first laying cycle at 21, 39, 51, and 62 weeks of age. Shell quality evaluations comprised: egg weight, specific gravity, percentage and thickness of shell, number and size of pores. For evaluations regarding bacterial penetration, strains of several enterobacterias and one salmonella were used, all of which resistant to Nalidixic acid (100µg/ml). The method employed for evaluation of bacterial penetration was filling the eggs with growth medium. The data were subjected to variance analysis with 5% of probability using SAS (Education Analytical Software, 2013). Eveb though increase in the laying hen's age caused reduction of the quality of eggshells, it failed to affect the percentage of penetration of the bacterial samples evaluated.</p></div