3 research outputs found
IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIULCER ACTIVITY BY INSILICO METHOD IN SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS
Ulcer occurs when stomach acid damages the lining of the digestive tract caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. Many pharmacological activities such as antiulcer activity can act against ulcer. Medicinal plants like Mimosa pudica and Vachellia nilotica has the antiulcer activity in a wide range. To study the antiulcer activity in medicinal plants using insilco studies by comparing the phytocompounds of plants with histamine 2 receptor as a binding protein, which is present in the stomach lining of homosapiens. Histamine 2 receptor was modelled using Swiss model and the ligand structures are obtained from PUB-CHEM, viewed easily via PYMOL. All the phytocompounds showed good binding energy with modelled protein on the docking methodology. Specifically ascorbic acid exhibited the lower binding energy of value -3.24 kcal/mol, indole and catechin shows highest binding energy of value -4.99 kcal/mol and -4.98 kacl/mol respectively. The results can be useful for the design and development of phytocompounds having better inhibitory activity against several types of ulcer
Eff ectiveness of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in South African children: a case-control study
Background The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was designed to include disease-causing
serotypes that are important in low-income and middle-income countries. Vaccine eff ectiveness estimates are scarce
in these settings. South Africa replaced PCV7 with PCV13 in 2011 using a 2 + 1 schedule. We aimed to assess the
eff ectiveness of two or more doses of PCV13 against invasive pneumococcal disease in children with HIV infection
and in those not infected with HIV.
Methods Cases of invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged 5 years or younger were identifi ed through national
laboratory-based surveillance. Isolates were serotyped with the Quellung reaction or PCR. We sought in-hospital
controls for every case, matched for age, HIV status, and study site. We aimed to enrol four controls for every case not
infected with HIV and six controls for every case with HIV infection (case-control sets). With conditional logistic
regression, we calculated vaccine eff ectiveness as a percentage, with the equation 1 – [adjusted odds ratio for
vaccination] × 100. We included data from an earlier investigation of PCV7 to assess vaccine eff ectiveness in children
exposed to but not infected with HIV and in malnourished children not infected with HIV.
Findings Between January, 2012, and December, 2014, we enrolled children aged 16 weeks or older to our study:
240 were cases not infected with HIV, 75 were cases with HIV infection, 1118 were controls not infected with HIV,
and 283 were controls with HIV infection. The eff ectiveness of two or more doses of PCV13 against PCV13-serotype
invasive pneumococcal disease was 85% (95% CI 37 to 96) among 11 case-control sets of children not infected with
HIV and 91% (–35 to 100) among three case-control sets of children with HIV infection. PCV13 eff ectiveness among
26 case-control sets of children not infected with HIV was 52% (95% CI –12 to 79) against all-serotype invasive
pneumococcal disease and 94% (44 to 100) for serotype 19A. Vaccine eff ectiveness against PCV7-serotype
invasive pneumococcal disease was 87% (95% CI 38 to 97) in children exposed to HIV but uninfected and 90%
(53 to 98) in malnourished children not infected with HIV.
Interpretation Our results indicate that PCV13 in a 2 + 1 schedule is eff ective for preventing vaccine-type
pneumococcal infections in young children not infected with HIV, including those who are malnourished or who
have been exposed to HIV. Although the point estimate for PCV13 vaccine eff ectiveness in children infected with
HIV was high, it did not reach signifi cance, possibly because of the small sample size. These fi ndings support
recommendations for widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low-income and middle-income
countries
Effectiveness of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in South African children: a case-control study
Summary: Background: The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was designed to include disease-causing serotypes that are important in low-income and middle-income countries. Vaccine effectiveness estimates are scarce in these settings. South Africa replaced PCV7 with PCV13 in 2011 using a 2 + 1 schedule. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of two or more doses of PCV13 against invasive pneumococcal disease in children with HIV infection and in those not infected with HIV. Methods: Cases of invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged 5 years or younger were identified through national laboratory-based surveillance. Isolates were serotyped with the Quellung reaction or PCR. We sought in-hospital controls for every case, matched for age, HIV status, and study site. We aimed to enrol four controls for every case not infected with HIV and six controls for every case with HIV infection (case-control sets). With conditional logistic regression, we calculated vaccine effectiveness as a percentage, with the equation 1 – [adjusted odds ratio for vaccination] × 100. We included data from an earlier investigation of PCV7 to assess vaccine effectiveness in children exposed to but not infected with HIV and in malnourished children not infected with HIV. Findings: Between January, 2012, and December, 2014, we enrolled children aged 16 weeks or older to our study: 240 were cases not infected with HIV, 75 were cases with HIV infection, 1118 were controls not infected with HIV, and 283 were controls with HIV infection. The effectiveness of two or more doses of PCV13 against PCV13-serotype invasive pneumococcal disease was 85% (95% CI 37 to 96) among 11 case-control sets of children not infected with HIV and 91% (−35 to 100) among three case-control sets of children with HIV infection. PCV13 effectiveness among 26 case-control sets of children not infected with HIV was 52% (95% CI −12 to 79) against all-serotype invasive pneumococcal disease and 94% (44 to 100) for serotype 19A. Vaccine effectiveness against PCV7-serotype invasive pneumococcal disease was 87% (95% CI 38 to 97) in children exposed to HIV but uninfected and 90% (53 to 98) in malnourished children not infected with HIV. Interpretation: Our results indicate that PCV13 in a 2 + 1 schedule is effective for preventing vaccine-type pneumococcal infections in young children not infected with HIV, including those who are malnourished or who have been exposed to HIV. Although the point estimate for PCV13 vaccine effectiveness in children infected with HIV was high, it did not reach significance, possibly because of the small sample size. These findings support recommendations for widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low-income and middle-income countries. Funding: Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance