Social Entrepreneurs and Innovation for the Unemployment

This research explored the social entrepreneurship factors to reduce the rate of unemployment in North Sumatra Indonesia. Social entrepreneurship is built through four main elements, namely social value, civil society, innovation, and economic activity. Through the element of innovation, a new form of social entrepreneurship was discovered. Theoretical reviews of social entrepreneurship practices that have been applied in various elements of civil society show innovation elements. An effort to overcome unemployment in Medan Municipality many forms of Social Entrepreneurships were analyzed. Social entrepreneurship that is most appropriately adopted in the city of Medan to reduce unemployment is to empower young women. It concluded that the synergic forms of Social Entrepreneurship with universities, banking institutions and the government, elements of social entrepreneurship including social value, civil society, innovation and economic activity

The Effect of Problem Posing Approach Towards Students\u27 Mathematical Disposition, Critical & Creative Thinking Ability Based on School Level

The background of this study is the school of the new students of mathematics education courses came from grade high, medium and low. Here the writer wants to see how much influence of the school level on new students\u27 critical thinking skills and creative mathematical. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in new students\u27 mathematical disposition, critical & creative thinking ability through the mathematical problem posing approach based on school level (high, medium, low). The method used in this research is the experimental method, with only posttest design. The population of this study is all the students of mathematics education department in Cimahi; while the sample is selected randomly from one college. Then from this chosen college is taken two samples from random class. The instrument of essay test is used to measure students\u27 critical and mathematical creative thinking ability; while non-test instrument is questionnaire of attitude scale. The results show that: 1) based on the school level (high, medium, and low); there is difference in students\u27 mathematical critical thinking ability through problem posing approach. 2) based on the school level (high, medium, and low); there is difference in the students\u27 mathematical critical thinking ability through problem posing approach. 3) based on the school level (high, medium, and low); there is difference in students\u27 mathematical disposition

Yield Performance of Locally Selected Cocoa Clones in North Luwu

Participatory selection in North Luwu District selected some locally cocoa clones, of which MCC 01 and MCC 02 the most promising to be developed as clonal material. This research has objectives to observe the stability performance of yield of these clones that enable be characterized of the potency as the basis for recommendation. Observation were carried out in 35 selected-farms be differentiated according to clone\u27s type, namely MCC 01, MCC 02 and Sulawesi 01 (control) and the year of planting (age). These farms were establised at the main area of cocoa in North Luwu. The assessed variables were the number of pod, yield components, the resistance to cocoa pod borer (CPB), vascular-streak dieback (VSD) and phytophthora pod rot (PPR). Data were recorded through 20 sampled-trees per farm in the period of April 2013 to April 2014 with monthly basis assessment. Data were analyzed refer to Eberhart & Russel method to perform stability parameters of the yield. The results indicate that these clones stable performing yield potency among plant age. MCC 01 and MCC 02 performed yield potency in amount of 3,682 kg/ha and 3,132 kg/ha respectively higher than Sulawesi 01 of 2,772 kg/ha. Evaluation of the resistance, MCC 01 having moderate resistance to CPB and VSD and resistance to PPR, however MCC 02 having resistance to CPB, VSD and PPR. Referring to the potency thus MCC 01 and MCC 02 were legally recommended as clonal material for farmers, restricted at the agroclimatic area similar to the condition in North Luwu

Understanding the capability of Indonesian shrimp producers to participate in Iucrative export markets; using the integrated sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) and global value chain (GVC) analyses

University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences.Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal-based, food-producing sector. Over the past 20 years it has experienced an average annual growth of almost 10 per cent per year. Furthuremore, brackishwater aquaculture for shrimp has been rapidly expanding over the last few decades, particularly in Asia. Advances in aquaculture technology have enabled developing countries to substantially increase production; this has stimulated growth in the seafood trade globally, especially in the flow of commodities from developing to developed regions and countries such as Europe, the US and Japan. Moreover, there has been a rise in standards to control food safety such as eco-label certifications required by governments and buyers from the importing countries. Compliance with these requirements is imposed on developing country shrimp producers by the importing countries. In Indonesia, the shrimp aquaculture sector has also attracted transnational companies who have invested heavily in shrimp farming. This has resulted in the formation of three groups of shrimp producers based on their business scale. The three types of producers are: (1) household-scale, which are small, family-run businesses and dominate the sector; (2) industrial-scale, which are characterised by a business organisational structure; there are approximately 400 of these in Indonesia; and (3) transnational-scale, of which there is only one in Indonesia; it is foreign owned and operates across a number of countries. The scale of the production can potentially affect the ability to participate in lucrative export markets because of the different abilities to comply with the importing requirements. This might lead to the exclusion of Indonesian household-scale producers from the export markets. To understand the ability of household-scale producers to comply with the food safety and eco-labelling certification requirements, this study determined the capabilities of household-scale producers and then compared them with the capabilities of industrial- and transnational-scale shrimp producers. This study is important for the development of appropriate industry support programs and to address any potential inequalities that might lead to market exclusion. The study combined the sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) and the global value chain (GVC) to evaluate the capabilities of the three scales of shrimp producers; past studies have usually used one method or the other. The SLA approach enabled this study to evaluate the capabilities from the perspective of human, financial, social, natural and physical capitals in relation to the abilities to comply with export market requirements. The GVC approach allowed this study to evaluate capabilities from the perspective of how shrimp producers access their production inputs and markets. The combined method more effectively determined the effect of livelihood capitals on Indonesian shrimp global value chains. This study showed that capabilities between different scales of Indonesian shrimp producers were stratified based on the level of endowment of the livelihood capitals and the types of global value chain shrimp that they could access. Household-scale shrimp producers do not have sufficient capabilities, both from the perspective of livelihood capitals and the type of global value chain which can be accessed, to enable them to comply with the export market requirements. They have low competency of necessary human capital, a lack of social networks, limited access to formal banking and lack the uptake of technology that could support their ability to comply with food safety, eco-label certification and traceability. Household-scale shrimp producers also have very fragmented and lengthy value chains which increase the complexities around complying with the requirements. In contrast, the transnational-scale shrimp producer was the most capable to comply with the export market requirements. It had a high accumulation of the livelihood capitals and was able to establish very efficient vertically integrated supply chains which favoured its capability. The industrial-scale shrimp producers have levels of capability in between household-and transnational-scale shrimp producers. This shows that the business scale of shrimp producers determines capability to comply with the export market requirements. This leads to the ability to participate in lucrative markets. Accordingly, household-scale shrimp producers are at risk of being excluded from the lucrative markets. External interventions from government and non–government organisations are necessary to enhance the capabilities of household-scale shrimp producers. The interventions would need to have greater emphasis on developing human and social capitals. Parallel to such development interventions, it is also critical to develop governance related to seafood global trades which can protect and enhance household-scale shrimp producers’ participation in the most lucrative markets for a fairer globalised world

Implications of the Visible and X-Ray Counterparts to GRB970228

The gamma-ray burst source GRB970228 has been observed after a delay of 8--12 hours in X-rays and after one day in visible and near infrared light. This marks the first detection of emission at lower frequencies following the gamma-ray observation of a GRB and the first detection of any visible counterpart to a GRB. We consider possible delayed visible and X-ray emission mechanisms, and conclude that the intrinsic gamma-ray activity continued at a much reduced intensity for at least a day. There are hints of such continued activity in other GRB, and future observations can decide if this is true of GRB in general. The observed multi-band spectrum of GRB970228 agrees with the predictions of relativistic shock theory when the flux is integrated over a time longer than that required for a radiating electron to lose its energy.Comment: 5 pp., tex, 1 figur

The Characterization of Simplisia, Isolation and Identification of Chemical Constituens From Thallus Turbinaria Decurrens Bory

The characterization of simplisia, phytochemical screening, extraction, isolation and identification of chemical constituens from thallus Turbinaria decurrens Bory have been carried out. The examination of simplisia characteristics gave the water soluble extract the value of 10.59%, ethanol soluble extract valued at 0.93%, total ash valued at 15.64%, the acid insoluble ash value 0.79% and the water content valued at 8.66%. The result of phytochemical screening showed that there was triterpens/steroids present. The extraction process was carried out by percolation and then was separated by liquid vacum column chromatography. Then by preparative thin layer chromatography isolate B1 was obtained. The analysis of isolate B1 by infra red spectrophotometry showed hydroxyl, aliphatic C-H bond, C=O bond, double bond of C=C, C=O bond, C=H bond of CH3 and CH2, were present. Ultra violet spectrophotometry exhibited a maximum absorption at 242 nm and mass spectrometric fragmentation pattern exhibited that the molecular weight of isolate B1 was 394, it was suspected ergosta -4,7,22 –trien -3 one

The prompt energy release of gamma-ray bursts using a cosmological k-correction

The fluences of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are measured with a variety of instruments in different detector energy ranges. A detailed comparison of the implied energy releases of the GRB sample requires, then, an accurate accounting of this diversity in fluence measurements which properly corrects for the redshifting of GRB spectra. Here, we develop a methodology to ``k-correct'' the implied prompt energy release of a GRB to a fixed co-moving bandpass. This allows us to homogenize the prompt energy release of 17 cosmological GRBs (using published redshifts, fluences, and spectra) to two common co-moving bandpasses: 20-2000 keV and 0.1 keV-10 MeV (``bolometric''). While the overall distribution of GRB energy releases does not change significantly by using a k-correction, we show that uncorrected energy estimates systematically undercounts the bolometric energy by ~5% to 600%, depending on the particular GRB. We find that the median bolometric isotropic-equivalent prompt energy release is 2.2 x 10^{53} erg with an r.m.s. scatter of 0.80 dex. The typical estimated uncertainty on a given k-corrected energy measurement is ~20%.Comment: Accepted to the Astronomical Journal. 21 pages (LaTeX) and 4 figure

Relationship Between Physiological Characteristic and Bean Quality on Some Cocoa Clones (Theobroma Cacao L.)

Photosynthesis is one of the physiological process that influence the bean weight and this process related with the efectiveness of the stomata character and chlorophyll content in the leaves. The research was conducted at Kaliwining Research Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Design of experiment was randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisted of six clones as treatment were Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, Sca 6, ICS 60, TSH 858, ICCRI 03, PA 300. Each treatment was replicated three times. Stomata resistance diffusion, tranpiration,the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll total (a+b), bean number and bean weight were observed. The resuts of experiment showed that difference in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll total (a+b), stomata resistance diffusion, bean number and bean weight existed within six clones tested. Transpiration rate did not show the significantly different between six clones tested. Sulawesi 1 showed the highest content of chlorophyll a and ICS 60 and ICCRI 03 showed higher content of chlorophyll b than the other clones. Chlorophyll a, b and total (a+b) showed positively influence on bean number and bean weight. Transpiration rate had negatively influence to bean number per pod, on the otherhand it showed positively influence to bean weight. Chlorophyll total (a+b) showed high genetic variance (σg2), high phenotypic variance (σf2) and high estimated value of heritability (H). The chlorophyll a,b had moderate genetic variance, moderate phenotypic variance and high of estimated value of heritability. Chlorophyll total (a+b) could be used a selection criteria based on the value of correlation, genetic variance, phenotypic variance and estimated value of heritability would give high opportunity in selection process

Analysis of Genotype by Environment Interaction on Cocoa Hybrids (Theobroma Cacao L.) Resistance to Phytophthora Pod Rot

Phenomenon of genotype by environment interaction was able to influence the stability performance of cocoa resistance to Phytophthora pod rot (PPR). This research had an objective to evaluate the effect of genotype by environment interaction on resistance of cocoa hybrids to PPR. The tested hybrids were F1 crosses between selected clones of TSH 858, Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, NIC 7, ICS 13, KEE 2 and KW 165. There were 14 tested hybrids and an open pollinated hybrid of ICS 60 x Sca 12 was used as control in multilocation trials at four different agroclimatic locations, namely Jatirono Estate ((highland-wet climate), Kalitelepak Estate (lowland-wet climate), Kaliwining Experimental Station (low land-dry climate) and Sumber Asin Experimental Station (highland-dry climate). Trials were established in the randomized complete block design with four replications. Resistance to PPR were evaluated based on the percentage of infected pod for the years during wet climate of 2010 in Jatirono, Kalitelepak and Kaliwining followed in dry climate of 2011–2015 in Kaliwining and Sumber Asin. Variance of data were analyzed for detecting the effect of genotype by environment interaction (GxE) then visualized with a graph of genotype main effect and genotype by environment interaction (a graph of GGE) biplot. There was consistently no interaction effect between hybrid and location to PPR incidence which was affected by single factor of hybrid, year, location and interaction between year and location. The effect of year indicated yearly change of weather was more important to PPR incidence than location difference. A graph of GGE biplot indicated a stable performance of the tested hybrids among locations