RANITIDINE CONTROLLED RELEASE ANTI-REFLUX SUSPENSION FOR GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE AND IT’S IN VITRO EVALUATION

Objective: The aim of this work was to develop triple action controlled release anti-reflux suspension of ranitidine and its in-vitro evaluation of anti-reflux and controlled release properties. Methods: The formulation was optimized using sodium alginate as a gelling agent along with calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide as alkalizing agents and colloidal microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a suspending agent at various concentrations and arrived at an optimized formulation for its best quality attributes. To avoid initial release in water before administration, ranitidine coated MCC sphere was incorporated into powder formulation and subjected to in vitro characteristics like raft strength, acid neutralizing capacity, pH, viscosity and dissolution study. The obtained results were assessed using Minitab 17 statistical software to conclude the study design. Results: Formulation containing 300 mg of ranitidine along with 750 mg alginate has shown better anti-reflux characteristics like raft strength 18±2g, acid neutralizing capacity 17±1 mEq compared to other formulations. This formulation has also shows zero-order controlled release in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF) up to 10 h compared to the formulation without alginate. Further, to this optimized formulation has shown negligible change in the assay of ranitidine even after 3 mo at 40 °C temperature and 75% RH. Conclusion: The developed stable sustained release powder for suspension has the combined therapeutic efficacy as an antacid and anti-reflux drug suitable for the management and treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) unlike the existing drugs possessing only reflux resistance action

Pulsed Electrochemical Deposition of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Semiconductor Thin Films

CuInSe2 (CIS) and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) semiconductors are the most studied absorber materials for thin films solar cells due to their direct bandgap and large absorption coefficient. The highly efficient CIGS devices are often fabricated using expensive vacuum based technologies; however, recently electrodeposition has been demonstrated to produce CIGS devices with high efficiencies and it is easily amenable for large area films of high quality with effective material use and high deposition rate. In this context, this chapter discusses the recent developments in CIS and CIGS technologies using electrodeposition. In addition, the fundamental features of electrodeposition such as direct current, pulse and pulse-reverse plating and their application in the fabrication of CIS and CIGS films are discussed. In conclusion, the chapter summarizes the utilization of pulse electrodeposition for fabrication of CIS and CIGS films while making a recommendation for exploring the group’s unique pulse electroplating method

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RASAMANIKYA-AN AYURVEDIC ARSENICAL FORMULATION

Objective: The objective of this study was standardization and Chemical characterization of rasamanikya prepared as per standard operating procedures (SOP) mentioned in the classical text. Methods: Rasamanikya was prepared by putting churnodaka shodhita haratala (Orpiment-As2S3) between two abhraka (white mica) sheets which are heated for a while to obtain a red colored finished product. The Ayurvedic specifications for the analysis of rasamanikya were performed through qualitative and quantitative analysis. Physicochemical analysis, assay of elements by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) were carried out and some other tests such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive x-ray analyzer (EDAX) were also performed to ensure the quality of the drug. Results: In the finished drug Arsenic and Sulphur are present in the form of As4S4, As2S3, As2S5. On the basis of XPS survey scans, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray analyzer (SEM-EDAX) and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur (CHNS) analysis the Arsenic to Sulphur (As to S) ratio is thus standardized as 39-47: 53-61. In addition to this powder, XRD shows a major conversion into an amorphous phase. Conclusion: The results could be used to lay down a new set of pharmacopoeial standards for the preparation of rasamanikya for getting optimal efficacy of medicine. Therefore, the information will help the Scientists and Researchers to build comprehensive standards, to screen the compounds responsible for different bioactivities, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism of action

Hamilton-Jacobi formalism for string gas thermodynamics

We show that the thermodynamics of a system of strings at high energy densities under the ideal gas approximation has a formulation in terms of Hamilton-Jacobi theory. The two parameters of the system, which have dimensions of energy density and number density, respectively, define a family of hypersurfaces of co-dimension one, which can be described by the vanishing of a function F that plays the role of a Hamiltonian.Comment: v2: 8 pages, 2 figures, references adde

Quality of life of alcohol dependent patients attending a deaddiction centre in Kannur district

Background: Quality of life (QOL) is individuals' perceptions of their position in life. QOL of alcohol dependent patients is an area that has received relatively less attention compared to other alcohol related problems.Methods: A deaddiction centre based cross sectional study was done on 370 individuals using a predesigned questionnaire during the period of 2012-2013. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 17. Spearman’s rank correlation test was used to find association between the study variables.Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 38.08±8.46 years. The mean duration of drinking was 12.62±7.47 years. The overall score of the QOL and the perceived health in alcohol dependent patients was 3.19±0.89 and 3.01±0.98 respectively. The mean of the transformed scores of physical, psychological, social and environmental domains are 69.12±12.82, 57.84±12.81, 58.52±17.05, 68.62±10.23 respectively. Statistical analysis of age with physical, environmental and social domains showed a significant negative correlation; literacy status with QOL, perceived health, physical, psychological, social and environmental domains showed a significant positive correlation; socio economic status with QOL and psychological domain showed a significant positive correlation; duration of drinking with QOL, perceived health, physical and psychological domain showed a significant negative correlation.Conclusions: Harm from alcohol use is a major public health problem. Reducing the level of social and health harms from alcohol requires preparation and planning

Spanner crab Ranina ranina recorded off Puducherry coast

The Spanner crab or Red Frog crab Ranina ranina (Linnaeus, 1758) a true brachyuran crab is the only extant species of its genus in the Family Raninidae. The species characteristically has an elongated, anteriorly broad, reddish brown carapace covered by low rounded scale like spines. Geographically they are distributed in the Indo Pacific region in sandy substrata at depths between 10 and 70 m and are commercially exploited in Hawaii, Japan, Seychelles and parts of Australia mainly using baited traps

Circle grid fractal plate as a turbulent generator for premixed flame: an overview

This review paper focuses to ascertain a new approach in turbulence generation on the structure of premixed flames and external combustion using a fractal grid pattern. This review paper discusses the relationship between fractal pattern and turbulence flow. Many researchers have explored the fractal pattern as a new concept of turbulence generators, but researchers rarely study fractal turbulence generators on the structure premixed flame. The turbulent flow field characteristics have been studied tand investigated in a premixed combustion application. In terms of turbulence intensity, most researchers used fractal grid that can be tailored so that they can design the characteristic needed in premixed flame. This approach makes it extremely difficult to determine the exact turbulent burning velocity on the velocity fluctuation of the flow. The decision to carry out additional research on the effect circle grid fractal plate as a turbulent generator for premixed flame should depends on the blockage ratio and fractal pattern of the grid. 1