Caracterización y desarrollo del “saber luchar”: contenidos de un modelo integrado para la enseñanza de las artes marciales y de los deportes de combate

El objetivo de este trabajo es definir los principios y contenidos técnico‐tácticos que caracterizan el “saber luchar” en el ámbito de las artes marciales y deportes de combate entendidos en su sentido global. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, buscamos detectar los límites práxicos del conjunto de las diferentes disciplinas de las artes marciales y deportes de combate a través del análisis de puntos de convergencia que puedan conferirles consistencia como grupo de prácticas, y a partir de los cuales resulte posible desarrollar un proceso de enseñanza‐aprendizaje coherente. Los principios y contenidos que consideramos desde esta perspectiva integrada establecen las posibilidades de acción independientemente de los condicionantes técnicos institucionalizados por las diferentes modalidades de combate. Sobre la base de la “estructura técnico‐táctica del saber luchar”, se propone desarrollar el “saber luchar” enfatizando la importancia de incidir sobre la “intención táctica” de los aprendices. La distribución y categorización de las acciones luctatorias que presentamos busca ofrecer herramientas y criterios para ayudar en el proceso de iniciación a las artes marciales y deportes de combate

Articular inflammation induced by an enzymatically-inactive Lys49 phospholipase A2: activation of endogenous phospholipases contributes to the pronociceptive effect

Arthritis is a set of inflammatory conditions that induce aching, stiffness, swelling, pain and may cause functional disability with severe consequences to the patient’s lives. These are multi-mediated pathologies that cannot be effectively protected and/or treated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a new model of acute arthritis, using a Lys49-PLA2 (Bothrops asper myotoxin II; MT-II) to induce articular inflammation. The articular inflammation was induced by MT-II (10 μg/joint) injection into the left tibio-tarsal or femoral-tibial-patellar joints. Cellular influx was evaluated counting total and differential cells that migrated to the joint. The plasma extravasation was determined using Evans blue dye. The edematogenic response was evaluated measuring the joint thickness using a caliper. The articular hypernociception was determined by a dorsal flexion of the tibio-tarsal joint using an electronic pressure-meter test. The mediators involved in the articular hypernociception were evaluated using receptor antagonists and enzymatic inhibitors. Plasma extravasation in the knee joints was observed 5 and 15 min after MT-II (10 μg/joint) injection. MT-II also induced a polymorphonuclear cell influx into the femoral-tibial-patellar joints observed 8 h after its injection, a period that coincided with the peak of the hyperalgesic effect. Hyperalgesia was inhibited by the pretreatment of the animals with cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, with type-2 cyclooxygenase inhibitor celecoxib, with AACOCF3 and PACOCF3, inhibitors of cytosolic and Ca2+-independent PLA2s, respectively, with bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE 140, with antibodies against TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and CINC-1 and with selective ET-A (BQ-123) and ET-B (BQ-788) endothelin receptors antagonists. The MT-II-induced hyperalgesia was not altered by the lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton, by the bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist Lys-(Des-Arg9,Leu8)-bradykinin, by the histamine and serotonin antagonists promethazine and methysergide, respectively, by the nitric oxide inhibitor LNMMA and by the inhibitor of matrix 1-, 2-, 3-, 8- and 9- metalloproteinases GM6001 (Ilomastat). These results demonstrated the multi-mediated characteristic of the articular inflammation induced by MT-II, which demonstrates its relevance as a model for arthritis mechanisms and treatment evaluationCentro para el Estudio de Venenos y Animales Venenosos/[063-2010]/CEVAP/BrasilUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto Clodomiro Picado (ICP

Assimilação, depuração e contaminação do ermitão Clibanarius vittatus pelo poluente Tributilestanho (TBT) e sua relação com a intersexualidade em ermitões

A causa da intersexualidade em ermitões ainda é desconhecida. No presente estudo foi avaliada a relação entre a intersexualidade em ermitões e o poluente disruptor endócrino tributilestanho (TBT), como registrado para gastrópodes. A contaminação em populações naturais do ermitão Clibanarius vittatus também foi investigada. Compostos butílicos (Bts) foram determinados em tecidos de ermitões e sedimentos usando cromatografia gasosa e análises morfológicas foram desenvolvidas por histologia e microscopia eletrônica, em amostras provenientes da natureza e de experimentos controlados. A avaliação do ambiente mostrou que localidades com e sem atividades portuárias estão contaminadas com elevadas concentrações de Bts, mesmo após o banimento do TBT. Estes dados indicam que Bts continuam sendo liberados no ambiente ou que estes compostos estão acumulados em diferentes compartimentos do ambiente. O registro de ermitões contaminados por Bts em muitos locais onde não foram detectados no sedimento sugere que ermitões são melhores indicadores de Bts do que sedimentos, porque não representam apenas a contaminação pontual. Além disso, os experimentos revelaram que a principal forma de assimilação do TBT por C. vittatus é proveniente da alimentação. Em adição, a rápida depuração do TBT, o hábito de vida em regiões estuarinas, tamanho relativamente grande, longo ciclo de vida e sua baixa mobilidade faz dessa espécie e de ermitões estuarinos em geral bons candidatos a indicadores de contaminação recente de TBT. As análises morfológicas mostraram que indivíduos intersexo apresentaram gônadas funcionais de macho e fêmea no mesmo indivíduo. Estes dados confirmam que ermitões intersexo podem reproduzir como machos ou fêmeas suportando a hipótese de que eles podem ser parte de um processo hermafrodita verdadeiro. A hipótese de que o TBT está relacionado...The causes of intersexuality in hermit crabs are still unknown. This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between intersexuality and endocrine disruption caused by tributyltin (TBT) pollution, as previously reported for gastropods. In addition, it was also investigated the TBT contamination in natural populations of the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus. Butiltins (Bts) in hermit crabs tissues and sediments were analysed by gas chromatography and the morphological analysis was carried out by histology and scanning electron microscopy using samples from both nature and controlled experiments. The evaluation of contamination in nature showed that localities with and without harbor activities are contaminated by high concentrations of Bts, even though the ban regulamentation of TBT. These data indicate that Bts compounds are still being released in the environment or they are accumulated in different environmental compartments. The record of contaminated hermit crabs by BTs in many places where contaminated sediments by BTs was not detected suggest that hermit crabs are better indicators of BTs than sediments, because of their contamination was not only represented punctually. Furthermore, the controlled experiments in laboratory showed that, the main TBT uptake pathway for C. vittatus is from food. In addition, the fast depuration of TBT, estuarine habitat, relatively large body sizes, long life spans, and relatively low mobility make this species and estuarine hermit crabs in general very good candidates as indicators of recent or recycled TBT contamination. The morphological analyses showed that the intersex individuals developed functional male and female gonads in the same individual. These data confirmed that intersex hermit crabs can reproduce as males or females supporting the hypothesis that they may be part of a true sequential hermaphroditic process... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Alteration of the activity of move about of the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc, 1802) in relation to desiccation, on the Pescadores Beach, in Sao Vicente (SP), Brazil.

The crustaceans activity of move about could alter in function of the environmental conditions. In the present study, this activity of the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus was studied in dry and submerged areas of the intertidal region of Pescadores Beach in Sao Vicente (SP), Brazil. In both areas 110 animals (86 of dry and 24 of submerged area) were analyzed and C. vittatus show more activity in the submerged area than in the dry one. The low activity of locomotion presented when exposed to the air, can be due by the stress caused in function of the high temperature and desiccation

Meat yield of Callinectes bocourti A. Milne Edwards, 1879 (Crustacea, Portunidae) in Iguape, São Paulo, Brazil

The objective of the present study was to analyze the meat yield for both sexes of the crab Callinectes bocourti in the region of Iguape, Brazil. The carapace width for males was 78.1-114.0 mm (96.7 ± 9.5 mm) and for females 76.0-106.3 mm (93.0 ± 7.8 mm). In males, the total wet weight ranged from 65.53 to 224.36 g (134.04 ± 40.77 g) and for females from 56.66 to 164.74 g (105.93 ± 26.88 g). A comparison of morphological structures revealed that the greatest meat yield was in the carapace (55.1%), followed by the right chela (16.9%), the left chela (15.9%), and the legs (12.1%). The total yield from the males (28.5%) was slightly higher than that from the females (22.1%). In general, portunids yield more meat than other crab species. The results of this study will allow the optimization of meat production for this crab species. Manual meat removal makes the process more expensive. This activity could offer an alternative to the fishing communities that live exclusively from this fishery resource. © 2007 Escuela de Ciencias del Mar Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso

Morphological Changes in the Seminal Receptacle During Ovarian Development in the Speckled Swimming Crab Arenaeus cribrarius

To understand sperm plug dissolution and spermatophore dehiscence in Portunidae, histological and ultrastructural changes in the seminal receptacle (SR) of Arenaeus cribrarius were investigated during ovarian development. In juvenile females the SR was filled with acid polysaccharides and the dorsal epithelium was stratified. Mated females with rudimentary ovaries showed a large SR filled by a glycoprotein sperm plug. This plug was present until the developing-ovary stage, when spermatophore dehiscence and intense holocrine secretions in the dorsal dense layer occurred. The plug was absent after the intermediate stage, and the SR became flaccid. The secretion produced moved the spermatophores into the ventral region. The modified dorsal epithelium in the transition between the dorsal and ventral regions released acid polysaccharides, which were found among the sperm, by exocytosis. The morphological changes of the SR in A. cribrarius, including the presence of the sperm plug, followed the macroscopic pattern observed in other members of Portunidae, such as blue crabs. However, in this species dissolution of the sperm plug was synchronized with ovarian development and occurred simultaneously with spermatophore dehiscence, showing the evolutionary relationship of the seminal receptacle and the female reproductive system to the storage of spermatophores and spermatozoa.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Population biology and reproduction of the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus (Decapoda: Anomura) in an estuarine region of southern Brazil

The population dynamics and reproduction of the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus were evaluated on Pescadores Beach, located on the estuarine channel of Sao Vicente (São Paulo), Brazil. The hermit crabs were captured by hand during low tide,from May 2001 to April 2003. A total of 2554 hermit crabs were captured, of which 701 were males, 1741 non-ovigerous females, 48 ovigerous females and 64 intersex individuals. The size-frequency distribution of the males was represented by a platykurtic bell-shaped curve, which differed from the leptokurtic bell-shaped curve of the females. The smaller and intermediate classes were composed mainly of females (modal size 6.5-7.5 mm carapace shield length (CSL)), and the larger classes only by males (modal size 9.5-10.5 mm CSL). The overall sex-ratio was skewed toward females (0.39:1/M:F), differing significantly from the expected 1:1. A seasonal reproductive pattern was recorded for C. vittatus in this location, with more intensive reproductive activity in the warmer months. The absence of juveniles suggests that their recruitment area is different than the area inhabited by adults, possibly another area with more protection and specialized or different resources for young