5 research outputs found
Thermodynamic properties of an interacting hard-sphere Bose gas in a trap using the static fluctuation approximation
A hard-sphere (HS) Bose gas in a trap is investigated at finite temperatures
in the weakly-interacting regime and its thermodynamic properties are evaluated
using the static fluctuation approximation (SFA). The energies are calculated
with a second-quantized many-body Hamiltonian and a harmonic oscillator wave
function. The specific heat capacity, internal energy, pressure, entropy and
the Bose-Einstein (BE) occupation number of the system are determined as
functions of temperature and for various values of interaction strength and
number of particles. It is found that the number of particles plays a more
profound role in the determination of the thermodynamic properties of the
system than the HS diameter characterizing the interaction, that the critical
temperature drops with the increase of the repulsion between the bosons, and
that the fluctuations in the energy are much smaller than the energy itself in
the weakly-interacting regime.Comment: 34 pages, 24 Figures. To appear in the International Journal of
Modern Physics
Zinc-bis-8-hydroxyquinoline doped by biochar extracted from red sea algae Chlorophyta as a novel photoactive layer in heterojunction solar cells
Recently, scientists have shown interest in utilizing biochar made from natural sources to enhance various photovoltaic technologies. In this study, Zinc-Bis-8-hydroxyquinoline (Zn-Hq2) was mixed with 10Â % biochar obtained from red sea microalgae (Chlorophyta) using a microwave combustion process. This mixture was then used as a novel photoactive layer in a solar cell. The structural properties of Zn-Hq2@BC were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, and SEM. The analysis showed that Zn-Hq2@BC had evenly distributed nano-rods within the BC nanopores network, with widths ranging from 26.94 to 30.90Â nm and lengths ranging from 136.43 to 192.38Â nm. When measuring dark current density-voltage, it was found that Zn-Hq2@BC/n-Si showed better-rectifying characteristics compared to pristine Zn-Hq2/n-Si, with a higher rectification ratio. The results also showed that the current density and voltage at the maximum power point increased to 5.63Â mA/cm2 and 0.45Â V, respectively, due to the activation of the biochar. When exposed to light, the addition of approximately 10Â % biochar resulted in a 15Â % increase in fill factor and a 92Â % increase in power conversion efficiency. This is because biochar helps introduce extra charge carriers into the material, thus improving charge transport and reducing recombination losses. These findings reveal the positive effects of microalgae-derived biochar and indicate potential applications of Zn-Hq2 in solar cells