Techno-Economic Study of Series Current Limiting Reactor and Its Impact in the 11KV Network with Harmonic Pollution

Survey & selection of oil filled fault current limiting  series reactor  for limiting short circuit  fault  currents from 40KA to 22KA at 11KV level in an existing distribution substation due to change of source substation.  The impact of source X/R ratio variation, maximum & minimum short circuit currents on the acceleration times of the 11KV motors and variance in voltage regulation due to change(s) in the conventional Series reactor impedance is studied. Impact of power factor improvement capacitors on the short circuit level and on series reactor impedance is assessed. Expected harmonic pollution due to VSD’s is estimated and its influence on the series reactor impedances is assessed for resonant conditions.  Transient Recovery Voltage and Rate of Rise of Recovery Voltage are studied for verification of circuit breakers’ ability to isolate the fault conditions.  Techno - economic evaluation of series reactor(s) impedance(s) for cost effectiveness along with the ability of reputed international testing houses for testing is assessed. The study results reflect that the constraints of test laboratories to test the specified series reactors will have an impact on the selection of series reactor impedance.  While higher impedance selection will be useful from the short circuit point of view, it will pose difficulties with reference to physical dimensions of the equipment, cost and other related issues. Keywords: Current Limiting Reactor (CLR), Short Circuit Current, Harmonics, Cos

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Odds ratio of the HRV features between the CONT and DM with complications groups.

<p>Odds ratio of the HRV features between the CONT and DM with complications groups.</p

Odds ratio of the HRV features between the RN group and the other DM with complications groups.

<p>Odds ratio of the HRV features between the RN group and the other DM with complications groups.</p

Deriving probability and histogram from RR intervals.

<p>RR interval data from a CONT patient (a) and a DPNn patient (b), their PI (c,d) and PI histogram (e,f).</p

HRV feature correlations with age for the 8 T2DM groups.

<p>HRV feature correlations with age for the 8 T2DM groups.</p

HRV feature correlations with systolic blood pressure, high density lipoprotein level and total cholesterol level for CONT group.

<p>HRV feature correlations with systolic blood pressure, high density lipoprotein level and total cholesterol level for CONT group.</p

Multi-lag entropy of the 8 T2DM groups for lags 1–8.

<p>Multi-lag entropy of the 8 T2DM groups for lags 1–8.</p

Results for 8 T2DM groups using time, frequency and multi-lag entropy features.

<p>Results for 8 T2DM groups using time, frequency and multi-lag entropy features.</p

Correlation between age and entropy at lag 1 for the 8 groups.

<p>a) CONT, b) ALL-C, c) RNp, d) NNp, e) RN, f) DPNn, g) R, n) Np. Only CONT, RN and Np groups showed significant correlation (p<0.05).</p