Assessing the association between hypoxia during craniofacial development and oral clefts

Objectives: To evaluate the association between hypoxia during embryo development and oral clefts in an animal model, and to evaluate the association between polymorphisms in the HIF-1A gene with oral clefts in human families. Material and Methods: The study with the animal model used zebrafish embryos at 8 hours post-fertilization submitted to 30% and 50% hypoxia for 24 hours. At 5 days post-fertilization, the larvae were fixed. The cartilage structures were stained to evaluate craniofacial phenotypes. The family-based association study included 148 Brazilian nuclear families with oral clefts. The association between the genetic polymorphisms rs2301113 and rs2057482 in HIF-1A with oral clefts was tested. We used real time PCR genotyping approach. ANOVA with Tukey's post-test was used to compare means. The transmission/disequilibrium test was used to analyze the distortion of the inheritance of alleles from parents to their affected offspring. Results: For the hypoxic animal model, the anterior portion of the ethmoid plate presented a gap in the anterior edge, forming a cleft. The hypoxia level was associated with the severity of the phenotype (p<0.0001). For the families, there was no under-transmitted allele among the affected progeny (p>0.05). Conclusion: Hypoxia is involved in the oral cleft etiology, however, polymorphisms in HIF-1A are not associated with oral clefts in humans

A globalização no Brasil: responsável ou bode expiatório? Globalization in Brazil: guilty or scapegoat?

<abstract language="eng">After the sequence of structural adjustments decisions suggested by the IMF, Brazilian economy became wider opened, as the consequences from financial globalization were stronger than those from commercial globalization. Nevertheless, social and economical reality didn't show much improvement. On the contrary, figures on economic increase and inequalities show Brazil behind the average of developing countries. Even if the effects caused by "mondialisation" on weakened economies are well known, globalization can not be taken as the only guilty of weak economic increase, for maintaining the high level of inequalities or for the increase of precariousness. Responsibility must be searched on high inequalities in where operates "mondialisation", on weakness of public policies, on irresponsible way of opening of the economy and in fiscal policy in favor of financial sector. Other countries have reached quite different results, once the have adopted different public policies, which goal was to establish control and reduction upon the negatives effects of globalization

Assessing the association between hypoxia during craniofacial development and oral clefts

<div><p>Abstract Objectives To evaluate the association between hypoxia during embryo development and oral clefts in an animal model, and to evaluate the association between polymorphisms in the HIF-1A gene with oral clefts in human families. Material and Methods The study with the animal model used zebrafish embryos at 8 hours post-fertilization submitted to 30% and 50% hypoxia for 24 hours. At 5 days post-fertilization, the larvae were fixed. The cartilage structures were stained to evaluate craniofacial phenotypes. The family-based association study included 148 Brazilian nuclear families with oral clefts. The association between the genetic polymorphisms rs2301113 and rs2057482 in HIF-1A with oral clefts was tested. We used real time PCR genotyping approach. ANOVA with Tukey's post-test was used to compare means. The transmission/disequilibrium test was used to analyze the distortion of the inheritance of alleles from parents to their affected offspring. Results For the hypoxic animal model, the anterior portion of the ethmoid plate presented a gap in the anterior edge, forming a cleft. The hypoxia level was associated with the severity of the phenotype (p<0.0001). For the families, there was no under-transmitted allele among the affected progeny (p>0.05). Conclusion Hypoxia is involved in the oral cleft etiology, however, polymorphisms in HIF-1A are not associated with oral clefts in humans.</p></div

Produtividade do trabalho, salários reais e desemprego na indústria de transformação do Brasil na década de 1990: teoria e evidência Labor productivity, real wages and unemployment in the Brazilian manufacturing in 90's: theory and evidence

Este artigo investiga se os ganhos de produtividade do trabalho verificados na indústria de transformação brasileira nos anos 90 tiveram algum impacto sobre o comportamento dos salários reais. Para isso, utiliza o modelo de Ball e Moffit (2001), que incorpora a produtividade do trabalho à explicação da variação dos salários reais. A década de 1990 foi dividida em dois períodos para fins de análise: janeiro de 1990 a junho de 1994, e julho de 1994 a dezembro de 2000. Os resultados apontarão que a produtividade do trabalho foi uma variável significativa na explicação dos salários reais antes do Plano Real.<br>This paper investigates if the gains of labor productivity verificated in the Brazilian industry in the nineties had some impact on the behavior of real wages. For this uses the Ball and Moffit's (2001) model, wich incorporates the labor productivity in a explanation of the real wages variation. The nineties were divided in two periods for analysis: January 1990 to June 1994 and July to December 2000. The results will point out that the labor productivity was a significative variable in the explanation of wages before the Real Plan