Projected material requirements for the global electricity infrastructure: generation, transmission and storage

We analyse how the global material stocks and flows related to the electricity sector may develop towards 2050. We focus on three electricity sub-systems, being generation, transmission and storage and present a model covering both bulk and critical materials such as steel, aluminium and neodymium. Results are based on the second Shared Socio-Economic Pathway scenario, with additional climate policy assumptions based on the IMAGE integrated assessment framework, in combination with dynamic stock modelling and an elaborate review of material intensities.Results show a rapid growth in the demand for most materials in the electricity sector, as a consequence of increased electricity demand and a shift towards renewable electricity technologies, which have higher material intensities and drive the expansion of transmission infrastructure and electricity storage capacity. Under climate policy assumptions, the annual demand for most materials is expected to grow further towards 2050. For neodymium, the annual demand grows by a factor 4.4. Global demand for steel and aluminium in the electricity sector grows by a factor 2 in the baseline or 2.6 in the 2-degree climate policy scenario.We show that the combination of rapid growth of capital stocks and long lifetimes of technologies leads to a mismatch between annual demand and the availability of secondary materials within the electricity sector. This may limit the sector to accomplish circular material flows, especially under climate policy assumptions. We also highlight the potential for electric vehicles to curb some of the material demand related to electricity storage through adoption of vehicle-to-grid services.Industrial Ecolog

A Multi-model Analysis of Post-2020 Mitigation Efforts of Five Major Economies

This paper looks into the regional mitigation strategies of five major economies (China, EU, India, Japan and USA) in the context of the 2 degrees C target, using a multi-model comparison. In order to stay in line with the 2 degrees C target, a tripling or quadrupling of mitigation ambitions is required in all regions by 2050, employing vigorous decarbonization of the energy supply system and achieving negative emissions during the second half of the century. In all regions looked at, decarbonization of energy supply (and in particular power generation) is more important than reducing energy demand. Some differences in abatement strategies across the regions are projected: In India and the USA the emphasis is on prolonging fossil fuel use by coupling conventional technologies with carbon storage, whereas the other main strategy depicts a shift to carbon-neutral technologies with mostly renewables (China, EU) or nuclear power (Japan). Regions with access to large amounts of biomass, such as the USA, China and the EU, can make a trade-off between energy related emissions and land related emissions, as the use of bioenergy can lead to a net increase in land use emissions. After supply-side changes, the most important abatement strategy focuses on enduse efficiency improvements, leading to considerable emission reductions in both the industry and transport sectors across all regions. Abatement strategies for non-CO2 emissions and land use emissions are found to have a smaller potential. Inherent model, as well as collective, biases have been observed affecting the regional response strategy or the available reduction potential in specific (end-use) sectors

Active perception during angiogenesis: filopodia speed up Notch selection of tip cells in silico and in vivo

How do cells make efficient collective decisions during tissue morphogenesis? Humans and other organisms use feedback between movement and sensing known as 'sensorimotor coordination' or 'active perception' to inform behaviour, but active perception has not before been investigated at a cellular level within organs. Here we provide the first proof of concept in silico/in vivo study demonstrating that filopodia (actin-rich, dynamic, finger-like cell membrane protrusions) play an unexpected role in speeding up collective endothelial decisions during the time-constrained process of 'tip cell' selection during blood vessel formation (angiogenesis). We first validate simulation predictions in vivo with live imaging of zebrafish intersegmental vessel growth. Further simulation studies then indicate the effect is due to the coupled positive feedback between movement and sensing on filopodia conferring a bistable switch-like property to Notch lateral inhibition, ensuring tip selection is a rapid and robust process. We then employ measures from computational neuroscience to assess whether filopodia function as a primitive (basal) form of active perception and find evidence in support. By viewing cell behaviour through the 'basal cognitive lens' we acquire a fresh perspective on the tip cell selection process, revealing a hidden, yet vital time-keeping role for filopodia. Finally, we discuss a myriad of new and exciting research directions stemming from our conceptual approach to interpreting cell behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'

Staat van de ambtelijke dienst 2015 De overheid in tijden van verandering

bookHervorming Sociale Regelgevin

Significance of histological prostatitis in patients with urinary retention and underlying benign prostatic hyperplasia or adenocarcinoma of the prostate

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? It is known that histological prostatitis is associated with a significantly higher risk for acute urinary retention in men with BPH. This study showed that, in men with BPH, histological prostatitis was associated with urinary retention at a significantly younger age and with higher serum PSA levels. In men with ACP, histological prostatitis was associated with urinary retention at an earlier stage of cancer. Study Type - Prognosis (individual cohort) Level of Evidence2b Objective: To compare the clinical features of patients having urinary retention and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with those having adenocarcinoma of the prostate (ACP) and to evaluate the significance of histological prostatitis. Patients And Methods: The clinical data and histopathology reports of patients with retention admitted to Tygerberg Hospital between September 1998 and June 2007 were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed with Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test and Fisher's exact test where appropriate and P < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: Prostatic histology was available in 405 patients, 204 with BPH and 201 with ACP. Comparing those with BPH and those with ACP showed statistically significant differences in mean age (69.5 vs 71.9 years), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (18.6 vs 899.5ng/mL) and histological prostatitis (48 vs 25%) but not duration of catheterization, prostate volume or urinary tract infection (UTI). Comparing those with BPH only and those with BPH plus prostatitis showed significant differences in mean age (71.9 vs 67.1 year) and PSA level (14.6 vs 22.8ng/mL) but not prostate volume, UTI or duration of catheterization. Comparing those with ACP only and those with ACP plus prostatitis showed significant differences in stage T4 cancer (68.1 vs 35.4%) and PSA level (1123.4 vs 232.4ng/mL) but not age, prostate volume, UTI or duration of catheterization. Conclusions: Histological prostatitis was almost twice as common in patients with urinary retention associated with underlying BPH than in patients with ACP, but there was no significant difference in the duration of catheterization, prostatic volume or presence of UTI, suggesting that histological prostatitis more often contributes to the development of retention in patients with underlying BPH than in those with ACP. In patients with BPH, histological prostatitis was associated with urinary retention at a significantly younger age and with higher serum PSA levels. In patients with ACP, histological prostatitis was associated with urinary retention at an earlier stage of cancer. © 2011 THE AUTHORS. BJU INTERNATIONAL © 2011 BJU INTERNATIONAL.Article in Pres

Modelling global material stocks and flows for residential and service sector buildings towards 2050

Residential buildings and service sector buildings have an important contribution to climate change, directly via energy use in these buildings and indirectly through construction activities and the production and disposal of buildings materials. In this paper, we introduce a model that looks at total global building stock for 26 regions between 1970 and 2050 and calculates the floor space and building materials both in new buildings and in demolished buildings. For residential buildings, we build upon the work of Marinova et al. (2019, this issue), who used a building material database to come up with scenarios for materials in the residential building stock. This paper adds two things. First, we introduce a new regression-based model for service building floor space, recognizing 4 different types of service-related buildings. Secondly, we use a dynamic stock model, based on lifetime distributions found in literature, to calculate the construction (inflow) and demolition (outflow) of building floor space for both residential and service-related purposes. We combine this with data from the building material database to come up with scenarios for the annual demand for construction materials worldwide as well as an estimation of the availability of waste materials after building demolition towards 2050. The model can thus be used to assess the potential for closing the material cycles in the construction sector, while distinguishing urban and rural areas explicitly. The results show that demand for construction materials will continue to increase in most regions, even in developed countries. Global demand for steel and cement for the building sector is estimated to be 769 Mt/yr and 11.9 Gt/yr respectively, by the end of the modelling period. This represents a respective growth of 31% and 14% compared to today. Drivers behind this are an expected growth of global residential building stock of about 50%, and a growth of about 150% in the building stock for services. Our model projects that by 2050, only 55% of construction-related demand for copper, wood and steel could potentially be covered by recycled building materials. For other materials the availability of scrap may be higher, reaching up to 71% of new demand in the case of aluminium. This means that in most regions urban mining cannot cover the growing demand for construction materials. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd

Ocorrência do vírus "vein enation (woody gall)" em limão verdadeiro (Citrus limon burm. cv siciliano) em Santa Catarina Occurrence of the "vein enetion (woody gall)" virus in lemon (Citrus limon) Burm. cv siciliano in the Santa Catarina state

Relata-se a ocorrência do vírus causador da doença "vein enation", também conhecida por "woody gall", em plantas de limão verdadeiro, em Santa Catarina, introduzido em pomar comercial através de mudas adquiridas em São Paulo. Limão `Volkameriano' enxertado com material contaminado desenvolveu os sintomas característicos de "woody gall", com grande intensidade no Alto Vale do Itajaí, e com menor intensidade no Litoral Norte de Santa Catarina. Constatou-se redução no desenvolvimento das plantas e na produção de frutos. Todo material sabidamente contaminado foi erradicado. Sugere-se às instituições oficiais de pesquisa a realização de testes de indexação para esta virose em seus bancos de germoplasma, uma vez que grande parte das variedades cítricas não desenvolve os sintomas da doença.<br>The presence of the vein enation virus, also known as woody gall virus, in Citrus limon, in Santa Catarina State, is reported. The virus was introduced through contamined nursery plants acquired in the São Paulo State. `Volkamer' lemon budded with contamined buds has developed typical woody gall symptoms, more frequently in Alto Vale do Itajaí (High Itajaí River Valley), and less frequently in Santa Catarina's Northern Coast. A significant decrease in plant development and fruit yield was been observed. All known contaminated material was erradicated. It is suggested that official research institutions carry out indexing tests for this virosis at their germplasm banks, since part of the citrus varieties fail to develop symptoms of this disease

A survey for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ species in South Africa confirms the presence of only ‘Ca. L. africanus’ in commercial citrus

Greening disease of citrus is a serious disease known in South Africa since the late 1920s. In South Africa, it is associated with infection by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter africanus’, a heat sensitive, phloem-limited, noncultured alpha-proteobacterium. Huanglongbing (HLB), a similar, but more devastating disease that was described initially from China but which now occurs in several citrus producing countries, is associated with a different Liberibacter species, ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’. A ‘Ca. L. africanus’ subspecies, ‘Ca. L. africanus subsp. capensis’, has been found only in South Africa infecting an indigenous Rutaceous species, Calodendrum capense (Cape Chestnut), in the Western Cape in 1995. The discovery of a new Liberibacter species in Brazil, ‘Ca. L. americanus’, and the spread of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ to a number of additional countries over the last few years prompted us to assess whether only ‘Ca. L. africanus’ is present in commercial citrus orchards in South Africa. Samples displaying greening or similar symptoms were collected from 249 citrus trees from 57 orchards distributed throughout the greening affected citrus production areas of South Africa. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on DNA extracts to detect the known citrus Liberibacters. Amplicons were obtained from 197 samples. None of the samples yielded a 1,027-bp amplicon indicative of ‘Ca. L. americanus’ infection. The amplicons of 84 samples were sequenced, and all were identical to the cognate ‘Ca. L. africanus’ Nelspruit sequence in GenBank. No instance of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ or ‘Ca. L. africanus subsp. capensis’ sequence was found. Geographically representative samples that tested negative for Liberibacter also tested negative for phytoplasmas based on real-time PCR results. Based on the results of this survey, it is concluded that to date only ‘Ca. L. africanus’ is associated with citrus greening in commercial citrus in South Africa.Citrus Growers of South Africa via CRI and the NRF-THRIP program