Effect of Liberalization on Institutional Agricultural Credit Flow and its Relationship with Average Cost of Cultivation in Indian Agriculture

This paper has examined (i) the nature and extent of inter-state disparities in per hectare flow of short-term institutional credit to agriculture, and (ii) its relationship with average cost of cultivation across states. It has covered all the six regions of the country comprising seventeen agriculturally most important states having about 96 per cent agricultural land in the country. It has revealed that inter-regional disparities in per hectare flow of institutional credit as measured through coefficient of variation (CV) had increased during the pre-liberalization period between 1980-81 and 1990-91. During the post-liberalization era (1991-92 to 2001-02), the inter-regional disparities have reduced. The per hectare institutional credit flow has shown that in most of the states across the country the coverage has increased though in different degrees during the post-liberalization stage over the pre-liberalization period. But, the coverage has still remained very low (below 20 per cent of cost of cultivation), except in the four states of southern region and Punjab and Himachal Pradesh in the northern region in 2001-02.Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries,

Analysis and Performance of ORC Based Solar Thermal Power Plant Using Benzene as a Working Fluid

AbstractIn the present scenario of huge demand of energy and economy create the necessity to give importance to all types of energy resources either it is conventional or nonconventional. Since the rapid consumption of fossil fuel over billions of people across the world are still unable to assess electricity. Furthermore, if the consumption of fossil fuel will be continued then our future generation will certainly have to face the shortage of it and the Global warming potential and ozone layer depletion will also increase. On account of this the Present paper investigates the application of benzene as a working fluid for ORC system. In this paper, performance analysis of organic Rankine cycle with benzene as working fluid has been done to improve efficiency and achieve better economy. This paper also describes clearly that if we want to produce 9kW of power output with the same variation of mass flow rate as well as Reynolds number, the efficiency of ORC system will have to vary from 32.87% to 54.98% and that is possible only when the temperature at the outlet of turbine will be varied from 259.53oC to 127.22oC respectively. Since the fire point of benzene is very low and any instant sparking may cause hazard and hence in our system there is only a liquid to liquid heat transfer device. Boiler of ORC system consists of helical coil copper dipped into a thermal energy reservoir i.e. heat transfer fluid, therminol vp-1 whose upper temperature limit is 415oC

LPG sensing investigation of (Sn-Ti)O2 system based nanocomposite at Room Temperature

Present work reports the synthesis of pure TiO2 and (Sn-Ti)O2 nanocomposite, its characterization and performance asLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Sensor. Thick films of both the materials were prepared by using screen printing technique. After that these were investigated through SEM. SEM image of pure TiO2 shows that grains are random in shape having pores. The grains observed on the (Sn-Ti)O2 thick-film surface are spherical in shape and more porous than pure TiO2. Further at room temperature, the films were exposed to LPG in a controlled gas chamber and variations in resistance with the concentrations of LPG were observed. The maximum value of average sensitivity for pure TiO2 and (Sn-Ti)O2 thick-film were found 3.0 and 11 respectively for 2 vol.% of LPG. Sensor responses as a function of exposure and response times were also estimated and maximum sensor response for pure TiO2 and (Sn-Ti)O2 thick-film were found 207 and 1040 respectively

Impact of Automation Bias and Status Quo Bias on Capital Market Investment Decisions of Indian Investors: An Explanatory Research

У цьому дослідженні досліджується наявність і вплив упередженості щодо автоматизації та статус-кво на інвестиційні рішення індійських роздрібних інвесторів щодо ринку капіталу. У поведінковій економіці термін автоматизації відомий як надмірна залежність інвесторів від автоматизованої або згенерованої комп’ютером інформації для прийняття рішень про вибір акцій. З іншого боку, упередження статус-кво — це властива тенденція інвестора зберігати свій портфель незмінним незалежно від мінливої ​​динаміки ринку капіталу з різних причин. У цьому дослідженні була зроблена спроба з’ясувати ступінь присутності та ступінь впливу обох упереджень на інвестиційні рішення інвесторів. Дослідження базується на даних, зібраних за допомогою опитувальника за п’ятибальною шкалою Лайкерта, створеного для визначення відповідей на запитання дослідження. Анкета була розповсюджена серед 496 роздрібних інвесторів Національної фондової біржі (NSE) і Бомбейської фондової біржі (BSE). Результати цього дослідження чітко вказують на те, що в інвестиційних рішеннях інвесторів ринку капіталу в Індії існує певна наявність упередженості автоматизації та упередженості статус-кво, а також існує значна та статистично значуща (p<0,05) величина впливу обох упередженості щодо інвестиційних рішень індійських інвесторів. Дослідження також робить висновок, що інвестори повинні вжити певних заходів, щоб уникнути поведінкових упереджень у прийнятті інвестиційних рішень і захистити свій портфель від невиправданих і потенційно шкідливих поведінкових помилок або пасток.The present study explores the presence and impact of automation bias and status quo bias on the capital market investment decisions of Indian retail investors. In behavioral economics the term automation bias is known as the excessive dependency of investors on automated or computer generated information for stock selection decisions. On the other hand, status quo bias is the inherent tendency of an investor to keep his portfolio unaltered irrespective of the changing dynamics of capital market for a variety of reasons. In this study an attempt has been made to figure out the extent of presence and degree of impact of both the biases in the investment decisions of investors. The study is based on data collected through a five point Likert scale questionnaire framed to figure out answers to the research questions. The questionnaire was distributed among 496 retail investors of National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). The outcome of this study clearly point out that there is a definite presence of automation bias and status quo bias in investment decisions of the capital market investors of India and there is a considerable and statistically significant (p<0.05) magnitude of impact of both the biases on the investment decisions of Indian investors. The research also concludes that certain steps must be taken by investors to keep away from behavioral biases in investment decisions and shield their portfolio from unwarranted and potentially damaging behavioral mistakes or pitfalls. The researchers have a strong belief that this research is a maiden attempt to study automation bias and status quo bias among retail investors and will bring about some significant revelations in the study of behavioral economics particularly in the analysis of behavioral biases from the standpoint of capital market investors

Finite time thermodynamic analysis and optimization of solar-dish Stirling heat engine with regenerative losses

The present study investigates the performance of the solar-driven Stirling engine system to maximize the power output and thermal efficiency using the non-linearized heat loss model of the solar dish collector and the irreversible cycle model of the Stirling engine. Finite time thermodynamic analysis has been done for combined system to calculate the finite-rate heat transfer, internal heat losses in the regenerator, conductive thermal bridging losses and finite regeneration process time. The results indicate that exergy efficiency of dish system increases as the effectiveness of regenerator increases but decreases with increase in regenerative time coefficient. It is also found that optimal range of collector temperature and corresponding concentrating ratio are 1000 K~1400 K and 1100~1400, respectively in order to get maximum value of exergy efficiency. It is reported that the exergy efficiency of this dish system can reach the maximum value when operating temperature and concentrating ratio are 1150 K and 1300, respectively

Multi-environment analysis of grain quality traits in recombinant inbred lines of a biparental cross in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A set of 286 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) along with the parents and a popular wheat variety in India were grown for two consecutive years at three locations belonging to the two major wheat growing zones of India and evaluated for four grain quality traits. Rare recombinants with high trait value appeared for protein content (PC), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), sedimentation value (SV), and kernel hardness (KH). The magnitude of environmental effects was more pronounced than genotypic effects and genotype-environment interaction (GEI). The cumulative contribution of environment and GEI components to the total variance was highest in the expression of PC followed by TKW, SV, and KH. The top five percent (14 RILs) of genotypes with high trait value were subjected to Eberhart and Russell (1966) (ER), genotype and genotype-environment (GGE) and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) stability models. Five RILs were identified as stable in all the three stability models. RIL61 with 38.8%, RIL101 with 8.9%, RIL226 with 26.1% superiority over check variety were the most stable genotypes in all the three stability models for PC, TKW and KH, respectively. RIL113 was found to be stable genotype in ER and GGE models, whereas, RIL231 was the most stable genotype in AMMI and GGE models in the expression of SV. These common stable genotypes with high trait value identified through ER, AMMI and GGE models could be potential donors in active breeding programs to develop high yielding wheat varieties with improved PC, TKW, SV and KH

Beginning of Consolidation in Indian Banking Sector: Measuring Operating Feasibility against Standard Benchmark: A Case Study of HDFC Bank Acquisition of Centurion Bank of Punjab

This paper examines the outcome of selection of inorganic mode of expansion by HDFC bank in its brown field investment of $2.4 billion for acquiring Centurion Bank of Punjab in India. This work investigates the achievement of operating performance by HDFC Bank-CBoP deal, up to five-year post acquisition, against a benchmark established using the concept of Economic Value Added. This work is an attempt by author to have deeper investigation in Mergers &Acquisitions deal

Fixed Points of α-Admissible Mappings in Cone Metric Spaces with Banach Algebra

In this paper, we introduce the $\alpha$-admissible mappings in the setting of cone metric spaces equipped with Banach algebra and solid cones. Our results generalize and extend several known results of metric and cone metric spaces. An example is presented which illustrates and shows the significance of results proved herein

The Glauber model and the heavy ion reaction cross section

We reexamine the Glauber model and calculate the total reaction cross section as a function of energy in the low and intermediate energy range, where many of the corrections in the model, are effective. The most significant effect in this energy range is by the modification of the trajectory due to the Coulomb field. The modification in the trajectory due to nuclear field is also taken into account in a self consistent way. The energy ranges in which particular corrections are effective, are quantified and it is found that when the center of mass energy of the system becomes 30 times the Coulomb barrier, none of the trajectory modification to the Glauber model is really required. The reaction cross sections for light and heavy systems, right from near coulomb barrier to intermediate energies have been calculated. The exact nuclear densities and free nucleon-nucleon (NN) cross sections have been used in the calculations. The center of mass correction which is important for light systems, has also been taken into account. There is an excellent agreement between the calculations with the modified Glauber model and the experimental data. This suggests that the heavy ion reactions in this energy range can be explained by the Glauber model in terms of free NN cross sections without incorporating any medium modification.Comment: RevTeX, 21 pages including 9 Postscript figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.