Human Health Risk Assessment For Arsenic: A Critical Review

Millions of people are exposed to arsenic resulting in a range of health implications.This paper provides an up-to-date review of the different sources of arsenic (water, soil and food), indicators of human exposure (biomarker assessment of hair, nail, urine and blood), epidemiological and toxicological studies on carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health outcomes, and risk assessment approaches. The review demonstrates a need for more work evaluating the risks of different arsenic species such as; arsenate, arsenite monomethylarsonic acid, monomethylarsonous acid, dimethylarsinic acid and dimethylarsinous acid as well as a need to better integrate the different exposure sources in risk assessments

Functional relation of ash-content with bulk density of coals

There coal samples with different ash-contents producing explosions under standard condition of temperature and pressure of Godbert’s apparatus were chosen for the study. The ash-contents and the bulk densities of each of the different range of particle-sizes were determined. The results obtained reveal that the bulk density increase with the increase of the ahs –content of all the three samples. The three empirical equations derived for each of the samples may be employed to evaluate the value of bulk density of any of them at any arbitrary value of the ash-content lying within the range of observation. The nature of variation of one parameter with respect to the other for all the three samples can be examined from the graphs

Functional relation of particle-size and bulk density along with indication of the latter's dependence on lump density

Four coal samples having different lump densities were sorted out and from each one of them ten ranges of particle-size and the corresponding bulk densities of each of them were determined. Empirical relations involving the bulk densities and the particle-size in microns have been developed for all the four samples. Fraction-wise variation of lump densities with bulk densities is also shown. The study not only affords to determine the load withdrawn from or produced per unit area and the volume required for a given mass of pulverized coal for its transportation and storage but also to provide a detailed picture of the fluctuation of lump densities with bulk densities of various particle-size-ranges usually encountered in problems of dust-air ignition

Evidence for structural discordance in the inverted metamorphic sequence of Sikkim himalaya: Towards resolving the main central thrust controversy

Inverted, metamorphism in the Himalayas is closely associated with the Main Central Thrust (MCT). In the western Himalayas, the Main Central Thrust conventionally separates high grade metamorphic rocks of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (HHCS) from unmetamorphosed rocks of the Inner sedimentary Belt. In the eastern Himalayas, the Inner sedimentary Belt is absent, and the HHCS and meta-sedimentary Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) apparently form a continuous Barrovian metamorphic sequence, leading to confusion about the precise location of the MCT. In this study, it is demonstrated that migmatitic gneisses of the sillimanite zone in the higher structural levels of the HHCS are multiply deformed, with two phases of penetrative fabric formation (S 1HHCS and S2HHCS) followed by third folding event associated with a spaced, NW-SE trending, north-east dipping foliation (S 3HHCS). The underlying LHS schists (kyanite zone and lower) are also multiply deformed, with the bedding S0 being isoclinally folded (F1LHS), and subsequently refolded (F2LHS and F 3LHS). The contact zone between, the HHCS and LHS is characterized by ductile, top-to-the southwest shearing and stabilization of a pervasive foliation that is consistently oriented NW-SE and dips northeast. This foliation is parallel to the S3HHCS foliation in the HHCS, and the S 2LHS in the LHS. Early lineations in the HHCS and LHS also show different dispersions across the contact shear zone, implying that pre-thrusting orientations of the two units were distinct. The contact shear zone is therefore interpreted to be a plane of structural discordance, shows a shear sense consistent with thrust movement and is associated with mineral growth during Barrovian metamorphism. It may well be considered to represent the MCT in this region