Alternative institutional arrangements for contract farming in poultry production in Bangladesh and their impacts on equity

Also available in the ILRI Repository on Livestock Research at http://hdl.handle.net/10568/217Livestock Production/Industries,

Alternative institutional arrangements for contract farming in poultry production in Bangladesh and their impacts on equity

This study is conducted to identify forms of market institutions that would allow smallholder poultry producers to commercially produce broilers and eggs to raise household incomes under rapidly differentiating livestock markets in Bangladesh. The report documents the range and extent of contract farming and other organizational arrangements used in smallholder poultry production in Bangladesh; analyses the structure and conduct of the hatchery, feeds and equipment industries serving the poultry sector and compare the geographical distribution of and access to these inputs along with health, extension and credit services of poultry farming under independent and contract farming arrangements; Identifies factors that influence participation or non-participation in contract farming; compares net incomes and production and marketing costs under independent and contract farming arrangements; analyses determinants of cost per unit output and net income under independent and contract farming arrangements, and identifies policy implications of the findings to promote and facilitate profitable poultry farming

GERMO DAN PROSTITUSI ONLINE DI KOTA WATANSOPPENG

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) Kewajiban dan tanggungjawab germo sebagai penyedia jasa bisnis prostitusi atau pelacuran di kota Watansoppeng . (2) Kehidupan sosial antara germo dan pekerja seks komersial di kota Watansoppeng. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif yang dianalisa dan dituliskan secara deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi dengan melibatkan sebanyak 11 (sebelas) orang informan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : (1) Strategi germo dalam menjaga eksistensi bisnis prostitusi online di di kota Watansoppeng yakni dengan menyediakan fasilitas kepada para pekerja seks komersial yang bekerja untuknya serta memberikan pelayanan kepada para pengunjung. (2) Relasi serta ikatan sosial antara germo dan pekerja seks komersial di kota Watansoppeng untuk menjaga keberlangsungan bisnis prostitusi online yakni menganggap mereka layaknya keluarga sendiri seperti anak dan orang tua. Kata kunci: Germo, Prostitusi Online, Pelacura

Screening of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines against salinity under field condition

An experiment was undertaken in order to screening wheat genotypes against salinity under field condition with 14 wheat genotypes including 6 check varieties. The genotypes were tested in saline soil where the salinity of the experimental field ranges from 1.5 to 10.3 dS/m during the cropping period. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation among the genotypes for all characters. Phenotypic and Genotypic co-efficient of variation was low for almost all the characters. Phenotypic co-efficient of variation ranged from 8.42 to 23.45 for plant height and yield respectively, while the highest genotypic coefficient of variation (18.90) was observed in yield and lowest (6.83) was found in seed per spike. All of the trait exhibited moderate to high heritability in broad sense (h2b) coupled with a wide range of genetic advance and genetic advance in percentage of mean. Heritability ranged from 37.64`to 91.14 for seed per spike and thousand seed weight respectively. Yield had significant positive correlation with spike length, spikelet per spike, seed per spike, thousand seed weight. On the other hand, yield was found to show a positive relationship with tiller per plant. Tiller per Plant, spikelet per spike, 1000 seed weight were responsible for reduction of yield per plant indirectly. Yield ranged from 1.14 ton/ha to 2.1 ton/ha. The present research work clearly demonstrated that based on field performance considering yield, the genotypes BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 26 is best and other some genotypes BAW 1182, BAW 1177 respectively showed their most effective performance on saline soil

Askey-Wilson Type Functions, With Bound States

The two linearly independent solutions of the three-term recurrence relation of the associated Askey-Wilson polynomials, found by Ismail and Rahman in [22], are slightly modified so as to make it transparent that these functions satisfy a beautiful symmetry property. It essentially means that the geometric and the spectral parameters are interchangeable in these functions. We call the resulting functions the Askey-Wilson functions. Then, we show that by adding bound states (with arbitrary weights) at specific points outside of the continuous spectrum of some instances of the Askey-Wilson difference operator, we can generate functions that satisfy a doubly infinite three-term recursion relation and are also eigenfunctions of $q$-difference operators of arbitrary orders. Our result provides a discrete analogue of the solutions of the purely differential version of the bispectral problem that were discovered in the pioneering work [8] of Duistermaat and Gr\"unbaum.Comment: 42 pages, Section 3 moved to the end, minor correction

Subtraction dual-wavelength for enhanced transmission performance of free-space optical communication over turbulence effect

Performance of a free-space optical communication system is influenced by atmospheric turbulence which degrades signal transmission quality. A gamma–gamma channel model is employed to characterise this turbulence under weak-to-strong conditions. The proposed dual diffuser modulation using subtraction dual-wavelength concept is combined with a phase screen diffuser to improve signal transmission. Its performances are compared with conventional intensity modulationdirect detection on off keying and partial coherent beam on off keying techniques. In comparison, results show that the dual diffuser modulation demonstrates superior performances in both received power and bit rate transmission under different turbulence conditions

KANO MODEL APPROACH FOR DESIGN IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATED WITH ERGONOMICS ISSUES IN CNC MACHINE DESIGN

Application of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) technology in manufacturing industry has been recognized as one of the effective solutions to high productivity, efficiency, and precision. In advancement of CNC machine tool technology development; however, the ergonomic issues related to human-machine design are still less-addressed by scholars. This study was carried out to analyze a CNC machining center based on the operators’ requirements. The functional and dysfunctional questionnaireform developed based on Kano method was applied to determine the operators’ requirements related to technical specifications of the CNC machining center. Another questionnaire form equipped with a diagram of human body parts and ergonomics features was used to acquire information on the CNC machining center design.This study found that there is a significant correlation between the ergonomics problems in the feet towards facilities required for theCNC machining center – an adjustable standing platform. This study concluded that application of Kano model can contribute to operators’ satisfaction in terms of ergonomic design of CNC machining center

Impact of Rain Attenuation in Borneo using Free Space Optics Propagation

In recent years, Free Space Optics (FSO) communication provides attractive bandwidth enhancement with unlicensed bands worldwide spectrum. However, the link capacity and availability are the major concern in the different atmospheric conditions. The reliability of the link is highly dependent on weather conditions that attenuate the signal strength. In the tropical region specifically in Borneo Sarawak, rain is the dominant weather that act as the limiting factor to FSO performance. Hence, this study highlights on the impact of rain attenuation to the performance of FSO communication system. The finding is based on atmospheric model and performed through the simulation of OptiSystem software. The design of parameters in the simulation involves iteration of wavelengths, size of transmitter and receiver aperture and beam divergence angle. The simulation result shows longer wavelength 1550nm is much better than 785nm. The 0.25m of receiver aperture and transmitter aperture at 0.05m can reduce the loss. Narrow beam divergence angle can reduce the power consumption and maintain the high power at receiver. The analysis indicates that proposed FSO communication system is capable to withstand the attenuation from rain weather

Impact of integrated community-facility interventions model on neonatal mortality in rural Bangladesh- a quasi-experimental study

Background Neonatal mortality remains unacceptably high in many countries. WHO recommends that all newborns be assessed during the postnatal period and should seek prompt medical care if there is any danger sign. However, in many developing countries, only a small proportion of women receive postnatal care. Also, the quality of care in public health facilities is suboptimal. Methods We designed an intervention package that included community health worker-assisted pregnancy and birth surveillance, post-natal visits to assess newborns on the first, third, seventh and twenty-eighth days of birth, referral for facility-based care, and establishing a newborn stabilization unit at the first level referral health facility. We did a quasi-experimental, propensity-score matched, controlled study in the Sylhet region of Bangladesh. We used a cross-sectional survey method at baseline and endline to measure the effect of our intervention. We considered two indicators for the primary outcome–(a) all-cause neonatal mortality rate and (b) case fatality of severe illness. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of neonates with signs and symptoms of severe illness who sought care in a hospital or a medically qualified provider. Results Our sample size was 9,940 live births (4,257 at baseline, 5,683 at end line). Our intervention was significantly associated with a 39% reduction (aRR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.40–0.93; p = 0.046) in the risk of neonatal mortality and 45% reduction (aRR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.35–0.86; p = 0.001) in the risk of case fatality of severe illness among newborns in rural Bangladesh. The intervention significantly increased the care-seeking for severe illness at the first-level referral facility (DID 36.6%; 95% CI % 27.98 to 45.22; p<0.001). Interpretation Our integrated community-facility interventions model resulted in early identification of severely sick neonates, early care seeking and improved treatment. The interventions led to a significant reduction in all-cause neonatal mortality and case fatality from severe illness