Change of physical properties of arable chernozem in the initial period of the after agricultural abandonment regime

ArticleA field experiment was conducted in the botanical garden of the South Federal University (Rostov-on-Don, Russia), which was aimed at converting the old arable land plot to the arable regime. Physical properties of chernozems were studied during the first years of the postagrogenic period in different plots, such as: a virgin steppe plot, an arable plot and an abandoned plot. During the course of the experiment it was revealed that physical properties of postagrogenic soils change due to vegetation development after tillage is discontinued. Within three years of research a biological diversity of the floristic composition in the abandoned plot increased from 9 species (during the first year) up to 38 species of plants (3 years later). Vegetation development served as a cause of changes in physical properties of chernozems. Temperature of the abandoned soils decreased along with soil moisture growth, if compared to the relevant indices of the arable plot of land. Owing to the root development and cessation of the agricultural impact, density of the upper horizon in the abandoned plot dropped by 10% on average. A positive correlation was revealed between the chernozem density and its penetration resistance (r = 0.70) and temperature (r = 0.73), whereas an inverse correlation was detected between the chernozem density and its moisture content (r = -1.0)

Свободнорадикальные реакции при социально значимых инфекционных заболеваниях: ВИЧ-инфекции, гепатитах, туберкулезе

The analysis of current literature data on the study of the features of the course of free-radical reactions, as well as the state of the antioxidant defense system at socially significant infectious diseases HIV infection, hepatitis, tuberculosis was carried out. The role of this kind of reaction in the genesis and progression of socially significant infections a long time has been studied. Foreign studies of recent years have been focused on the identification of specific markers of oxidative and carbonyl stress, which make it possible to identify the redox imbalance of the cell under conditions of infection and target affect it to modulate the activity of the main transcription factors of viral proteins and the bacteria pathogenicity. Numerous sources indicate the involvement of active oxygen metabolites in a wide range of events in infected cells and tissues, including neoplastic transformation processes. These biochemical markers can be used as additional criteria for monitoring the progression of infection. At the same time, noticeable gaps in this area there are that may become the goal of future research. The issues of changing free radical reactions depending on gender, age, place of residence of patients remain practically unstudied. There is little data about intensity of oxidative stress in patients of reproductive age with HIV, hepatitis B and C, and pulmonary tuberculosis, as well as the relationship of antioxidant deficiency with reproductive disorders in conditions of infection. These data could serve as the basis for the development of pathogenetically substantiated methods for the correction of socially significant infectious diseases. Modulation of the production of reactive oxygen metabolites and oxidative stress is a potentially new pharmacological approach to reduce the effects of viral and bacterial exposure.Проведен анализ текущих литературных данных, посвященных изучению особенностей течения свободнорадикальных реакций, а также состояния системы антиоксидантной защиты при социально значимых инфекционных заболеваниях ВИЧ-инфекции, гепатитах, туберкулезе. Роль данного рода реакций в генезе и прогрессировании социально значимых инфекций изучается достаточно давно. Зарубежные исследования последних лет акцентированы на выявлении специфических маркеров окислительного и карбонильного стрессов, позволяющих выявить редокс-дисбаланс клетки в условиях инфекции и таргетно на него воздействовать с целью модулирования активности основных факторов транскрипции вирусных белков и патогенности бактерий. Многочисленные источники свидетельствуют о вовлечении активных кислородных метаболитов в широкий спектр событий в инфицированных клетках и тканях, в том числе процессы неопластической трансформации. Данные биохимические маркеры могут быть использованы в качестве дополнительных критериев при мониторинге прогрессирования инфекции. В то же время в этой области имеются заметные пробелы, которые могут стать целью будущих исследований. Так, остаются практически не изученными вопросы изменения свободнорадикальных реакций в зависимости от пола, возраста, места проживания пациентов. Мало данных об интенсивности окислительного стресса у пациенток репродуктивного возраста с наличием ВИЧ, гепатитов В и С и туберкулеза легких, а также взаимосвязях антиоксидантной недостаточности с репродуктивными нарушениями в условиях развития инфекции. Эти данные могли бы послужить основой для разработки патогенетически обоснованных способов коррекции социально значимых инфекционных заболеваний. Модуляция продукции реактивных кислородных метаболитов и окислительного стресса представляет собой потенциально новый фармакологический подход с целью уменьшения последствий вирусного и бактериального воздействия

Film Growth Based on an Organic Basis for Photovoltaic p-Cells

The main measured parameters characterizing the solar cell are its photocurrent and fluorescence under the influence of electromagnetic radiation of the solar spectrum – derivatives of a number of elementary processes in the cell and determining the complex mechanism of its functioning. The main issue is to determine the allowable concentration of the polymer and the acceptor, allowing to obtain a film having a desired density and at the same time, the thickness, the optimum from the point of view of the diffusion length and the probability of dissociation of the intermediate particles with the formation of free charge carriers. From a comparison of the synthesized samples micrographs it can be concluded that the polymer concentration of 12.5 g/l gives a sufficiently dense and relatively uniform film without substantial amounts of undissolved polymer

CH3NH3PBI3 IV Output Parameters Degradation Investigation

Organic photovoltaics, based on hybrid inorganic organic optoelectronic perovskites, with structure alkali- metal- halide are the newest emerging technology in the third generation development. Despite tremendous efficiency records, more than 21 %, optoelectronic perovskites’ instability prevents their commercialization and mass production. Issues with degradation are caused by various types of environmental influences. The main issues with stability and power loss in devices are linked to moisture, oxygen, temperature, and light-induced structure defects. Initial measurements are taken after long term debugging with minimal aggressive exposure to environmental conditions. In this case, preliminary degradation studies begin from measurements of light-induced effects. In this work, we will present the main trends in degradation of external characteristics during common I-V measurements, in the order of parameters which were effected the least by environmental factors. This investigation was made on fixed CH3NH3PBI3 solar cells with standard 1.5 AM testing and initial efficiencies more than 8 %

СЕРОВОДОРОД КАК ТРЕТЬЯ ЭССЕНЦИАЛЬНАЯ ГАЗОВАЯ МОЛЕКУЛА ЖИВЫХ ТКАНЕЙ

The data of foreign studies over the last 15 years devoted to endogenous synthesis and biological role of hydrogen sulfide in micromolar quantities which complemented the already two well-known gas transmitters — OH and NO are presented in this review. Despite the short period since the physiological properties of hydrogen sulfide were opened (about 20 years) it was found that this gas transmitter plays a key role in the regulation of nerve (neural signal transmission), cardiovascular (relaxation of smooth muscles), immune (anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective agent) sensory, gastrointestinal (output of insulin) systems and in the metabolism of various organs. Currently the role of H2S in the pathogenesis of different diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, heart failure) is being studying. The developments of drugs that act as either exogenous donors H2S or blockers of the biosynthesis of H2S are promising. With consideration the fact that H2S is a representative of non-synaptic way of intercellular communication based on diffusion of molecules of inorganic compounds in the intercellular space in all directions and effect on distant from their place of formation non- synaptic receptors it is suggested to use exogenous H2S in strict proportion for the treatment of a number of human diseases. Представлены данные зарубежных исследователей за последние 15 лет, посвященные эндогенному биосинтезу и биологической роли сероводорода в микромолярных количествах, который дополнил уже два известных газотрансмиттера — ОН и NO. Несмотря на незначительный период со дня открытия физиологических свойств сероводорода (около 20 лет), установлено, что этот газотрансмиттер играет ключевую роль в регуляции нервной (нейронная передача сигнала), сердечно-сосудистой (расслабление гладких мышц), иммунной (противовоспалительный и цитопротекторный агент) сенсорной, желудочно-кишечной (выход инсулина) системы, а также в метаболизме различных органов. В настоящее время ведется изучение роли H2S в патогенезе различных заболеваний (нейродегенеративные болезни, сахарный диабет, сердечная недостаточность). Перспективными являются разработки по созданию препаратов, которые выступают либо в качестве экзогенных доноров H2S, либо в роли блокаторов биосинтеза H2S. С учетом того факта, что H2S является представителем несинаптического способа межклеточной коммуникации, основанного на диффузии молекул неорганических соединений по межклеточному пространству во всех направлениях и действии на отдаленные от их места образования несинаптические рецепторы, предлагается строго дозированно использовать и экзогенный H2S для лечения ряда заболеваний человека.

Film Growth Based on an Organic Basis for Photovoltaic p-Cells

The main measured parameters characterizing the solar cell are its photocurrent and fluorescence under the influence of electromagnetic radiation of the solar spectrum – derivatives of a number of elementary processes in the cell and determining the complex mechanism of its functioning. The main issue is to determine the allowable concentration of the polymer and the acceptor, allowing to obtain a film having a desired density and at the same time, the thickness, the optimum from the point of view of the diffusion length and the probability of dissociation of the intermediate particles with the formation of free charge carriers. From a comparison of the synthesized samples micrographs it can be concluded that the polymer concentration of 12.5 g/l gives a sufficiently dense and relatively uniform film without substantial amounts of undissolved polymer

CH3NH3PBI3 IV Output Parameters Degradation Investigation

Organic photovoltaics, based on hybrid inorganic organic optoelectronic perovskites, with structure alkali- metal- halide are the newest emerging technology in the third generation development. Despite tremendous efficiency records, more than 21 %, optoelectronic perovskites’ instability prevents their commercialization and mass production. Issues with degradation are caused by various types of environmental influences. The main issues with stability and power loss in devices are linked to moisture, oxygen, temperature, and light-induced structure defects. Initial measurements are taken after long term debugging with minimal aggressive exposure to environmental conditions. In this case, preliminary degradation studies begin from measurements of light-induced effects. In this work, we will present the main trends in degradation of external characteristics during common I-V measurements, in the order of parameters which were effected the least by environmental factors. This investigation was made on fixed CH3NH3PBI3 solar cells with standard 1.5 AM testing and initial efficiencies more than 8 %

Риск ― базовая концепция эпидемиологии

This article presents the analysis of current scientific understanding of the term «risk» along with theoretical justification of its use in epidemiological studies. Epidemiology commonly uses definitions such as «risk factor», «group of risk», «risk area», and «risk period». However, these definitions were useful only for specific groups or nosoligical infectious diseases. In Noninfectious Pathology the terms had been used exclusively in the applied studies. There is a lack of publications which compile theoretical basics of such fundamental term category. The authors suggest a definition of epidemiologic «risk» which can be used in the epidemiology of both infectious and noninfectious diseases. It is a probability of negative influence on illness (and/or its impact) of specific groups of general population which is defined by external and/or internal factors in specific times and territories. The authors differentiate types of risk and their evaluation measures into categories for used in applied studies of epidemiology. The relationships and the unity of the basic categories of the epidemiologic risk are discussed. The authors conclude that riskology is the main branch of epidemiology and the category of «risk» is the basic paradigm of this science.В медицинских исследованиях на популяционном уровне обобщений широко используются такие понятия, как «фактор риска», «группа риска», «территория риска» и «время риска». Тем не менее вплоть до настоящего времени эти категории находили свое применение и теоретическое обоснование в основном для отдельных групп или нозологических форм инфекционных заболеваний, а для неинфекционной патологии использовались лишь в прикладных исследованиях. Вместе с этим практически отсутствуют публикации обобщающего характера, касающиеся теоретических основ такой базисной эпидемиологической категории, как «риск». В представленном сообщении приведен анализ общенаучного понимания понятия «риск» и теоретическое обоснование использования этой категории в эпидемиологических исследованиях. В статье приведена систематизация различных видов риска и их оценочные характеристики для практического использования в эпидемиологических обобщениях, рассмотрены взаимосвязь и единство основных категорий эпидемиологического риска. В заключении авторами сделан обобщающий вывод о том, что учение о риске является ключевым, основополагающим направлением в эпидемиологии и становится основной парадигмой этой науки