189 research outputs found
Change of physical properties of arable chernozem in the initial period of the after agricultural abandonment regime
ArticleA field experiment was conducted in the botanical garden of the South Federal
University (Rostov-on-Don, Russia), which was aimed at converting the old arable land plot to
the arable regime. Physical properties of chernozems were studied during the first years of the
postagrogenic period in different plots, such as: a virgin steppe plot, an arable plot and an
abandoned plot. During the course of the experiment it was revealed that physical properties of
postagrogenic soils change due to vegetation development after tillage is discontinued. Within
three years of research a biological diversity of the floristic composition in the abandoned plot
increased from 9 species (during the first year) up to 38 species of plants (3 years later).
Vegetation development served as a cause of changes in physical properties of chernozems.
Temperature of the abandoned soils decreased along with soil moisture growth, if compared to
the relevant indices of the arable plot of land. Owing to the root development and cessation of the
agricultural impact, density of the upper horizon in the abandoned plot dropped by 10% on
average. A positive correlation was revealed between the chernozem density and its penetration
resistance (r = 0.70) and temperature (r = 0.73), whereas an inverse correlation was detected
between the chernozem density and its moisture content (r = -1.0)
Π‘Π²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ : ΠΠΠ§-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ , ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΊΡΠ»Π΅Π·Π΅
The analysis of current literature data on the study of the features of the course of free-radical reactions, as well as the state of the antioxidant defense system at socially significant infectious diseases HIV infection, hepatitis, tuberculosis was carried out. The role of this kind of reaction in the genesis and progression of socially significant infections a long time has been studied. Foreign studies of recent years have been focused on the identification of specific markers of oxidative and carbonyl stress, which make it possible to identify the redox imbalance of the cell under conditions of infection and target affect it to modulate the activity of the main transcription factors of viral proteins and the bacteria pathogenicity. Numerous sources indicate the involvement of active oxygen metabolites in a wide range of events in infected cells and tissues, including neoplastic transformation processes. These biochemical markers can be used as additional criteria for monitoring the progression of infection. At the same time, noticeable gaps in this area there are that may become the goal of future research. The issues of changing free radical reactions depending on gender, age, place of residence of patients remain practically unstudied. There is little data about intensity of oxidative stress in patients of reproductive age with HIV, hepatitis B and C, and pulmonary tuberculosis, as well as the relationship of antioxidant deficiency with reproductive disorders in conditions of infection. These data could serve as the basis for the development of pathogenetically substantiated methods for the correction of socially significant infectious diseases. Modulation of the production of reactive oxygen metabolites and oxidative stress is a potentially new pharmacological approach to reduce the effects of viral and bacterial exposure.ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΠΠ§-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
, ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΊΡΠ»Π΅Π·Π΅. Π ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡ-Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ
, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° Ρ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠΠ§, Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΈ Π‘ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΊΡΠ»Π΅Π·Π° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ
Film Growth Based on an Organic Basis for Photovoltaic p-Cells
The main measured parameters characterizing the solar cell are its photocurrent and fluorescence under
the influence of electromagnetic radiation of the solar spectrum β derivatives of a number of elementary
processes in the cell and determining the complex mechanism of its functioning.
The main issue is to determine the allowable concentration of the polymer and the acceptor, allowing to
obtain a film having a desired density and at the same time, the thickness, the optimum from the point of
view of the diffusion length and the probability of dissociation of the intermediate particles with the formation
of free charge carriers. From a comparison of the synthesized samples micrographs it can be concluded
that the polymer concentration of 12.5 g/l gives a sufficiently dense and relatively uniform film
without substantial amounts of undissolved polymer
CH3NH3PBI3 IV Output Parameters Degradation Investigation
Organic photovoltaics, based on hybrid inorganic organic optoelectronic perovskites, with structure alkali-
metal- halide are the newest emerging technology in the third generation development. Despite tremendous
efficiency records, more than 21 %, optoelectronic perovskitesβ instability prevents their commercialization
and mass production. Issues with degradation are caused by various types of environmental influences.
The main issues with stability and power loss in devices are linked to moisture, oxygen, temperature,
and light-induced structure defects. Initial measurements are taken after long term debugging with
minimal aggressive exposure to environmental conditions. In this case, preliminary degradation studies
begin from measurements of light-induced effects. In this work, we will present the main trends in degradation
of external characteristics during common I-V measurements, in the order of parameters which
were effected the least by environmental factors. This investigation was made on fixed CH3NH3PBI3 solar
cells with standard 1.5 AM testing and initial efficiencies more than 8 %
Π‘ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π’Π ΠΠ’Π¬Π― ΠΠ‘Π‘ΠΠΠ¦ΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ
The data of foreign studies over the last 15 years devoted to endogenous synthesis and biological role of hydrogen sulfide in micromolar quantities which complemented the already two well-known gas transmittersΒ β OH and NO are presented in this review. Despite the short period since the physiological properties of hydrogen sulfide were opened (about 20 years) it was found that this gas transmitter plays a key role in the regulation of nerve (neural signal transmission), cardiovascular (relaxation of smooth muscles), immune (anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective agent) sensory, gastrointestinal (output of insulin) systems and in the metabolism of various organs. Currently the role of H2S in the pathogenesis of different diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, heart failure) is being studying. The developments of drugs that act as either exogenous donors H2S or blockers of the biosynthesis of H2S are promising. With consideration the fact that H2S is a representative of non-synaptic way of intercellular communication based on diffusion of molecules of inorganic compounds in the intercellular space in all directions and effect on distant from their place of formation non- synaptic receptors it is suggested to use exogenous H2S in strict proportion for the treatment of a number of human diseases.Β ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 15Β Π»Π΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ» ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° β ΠΠ ΠΈ NO. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎ Π΄Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° (ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 20Β Π»Π΅Ρ), ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ (Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°), ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΡΡΡ), ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ) ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°) ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ². Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ H2S Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ (Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ). ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² H2S, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° H2S. Π‘ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ H2S ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ H2S Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°.
Film Growth Based on an Organic Basis for Photovoltaic p-Cells
The main measured parameters characterizing the solar cell are its photocurrent and fluorescence under
the influence of electromagnetic radiation of the solar spectrum β derivatives of a number of elementary
processes in the cell and determining the complex mechanism of its functioning.
The main issue is to determine the allowable concentration of the polymer and the acceptor, allowing to
obtain a film having a desired density and at the same time, the thickness, the optimum from the point of
view of the diffusion length and the probability of dissociation of the intermediate particles with the formation
of free charge carriers. From a comparison of the synthesized samples micrographs it can be concluded
that the polymer concentration of 12.5 g/l gives a sufficiently dense and relatively uniform film
without substantial amounts of undissolved polymer
CH3NH3PBI3 IV Output Parameters Degradation Investigation
Organic photovoltaics, based on hybrid inorganic organic optoelectronic perovskites, with structure alkali-
metal- halide are the newest emerging technology in the third generation development. Despite tremendous
efficiency records, more than 21 %, optoelectronic perovskitesβ instability prevents their commercialization
and mass production. Issues with degradation are caused by various types of environmental influences.
The main issues with stability and power loss in devices are linked to moisture, oxygen, temperature,
and light-induced structure defects. Initial measurements are taken after long term debugging with
minimal aggressive exposure to environmental conditions. In this case, preliminary degradation studies
begin from measurements of light-induced effects. In this work, we will present the main trends in degradation
of external characteristics during common I-V measurements, in the order of parameters which
were effected the least by environmental factors. This investigation was made on fixed CH3NH3PBI3 solar
cells with standard 1.5 AM testing and initial efficiencies more than 8 %
Π ΠΈΡΠΊ β Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
This article presents the analysis of current scientific understanding of the term Β«riskΒ» along with theoretical justification of its use in epidemiological studies. Epidemiology commonly uses definitions such as Β«risk factorΒ», Β«group of riskΒ», Β«risk areaΒ», and Β«risk periodΒ». However, these definitions were useful only for specific groups or nosoligical infectious diseases. In Noninfectious Pathology the terms had been used exclusively in the applied studies. There is a lack of publications which compile theoretical basics of such fundamental term category. The authors suggest a definition of epidemiologic Β«riskΒ» which can be used in the epidemiology of both infectious and noninfectious diseases. It is a probability of negative influence on illness (and/or its impact) of specific groups of general population which is defined by external and/or internal factors in specific times and territories. The authors differentiate types of risk and their evaluation measures into categories for used in applied studies of epidemiology. The relationships and the unity of the basic categories of the epidemiologic risk are discussed. The authors conclude that riskology is the main branch of epidemiology and the category of Β«riskΒ» is the basic paradigm of this science.Π ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Β», Β«Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Β», Β«ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Β» ΠΈ Β«Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Β». Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«ΡΠΈΡΠΊΒ». Π ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ Β«ΡΠΈΡΠΊΒ» ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°. Π Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ
- β¦