К ОЦЕНКЕ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ДЛЯ ЗДОРОВЬЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РАКТОПАМИНА ПРИ ЕГО ПОСТУПЛЕНИИ С ПИЩЕВЫМИ ПРОДУКТАМИ

The analysis of scientific data including American and European scientific communities concerning use of ractopamine as a growth factor in food animal production and the argumentation of the maximum permitted levels of ractopamine and levels of ractopamine in meat and byproducts (offal) is carried out. The position of the Russian side stated at the Codex Alimentarius commission 35th session that acceptable ractopamine daily intake is insufficiently validated and cannot be used for the determination of maximum permitted levels of ractopamine in meat and byproducts (offal) is confirmed. It is represented that residual ractopamine intake together with food on the levels which are recommended by the Codex Alimentarius commission and by taking into account the levels of animal products consumption in Russian Federation will lead to unacceptable human health risk level that will promote increasing heart diseases and life expectancy reduction. In this connection Russia states against of acceptance of maximum permitted levels of ractopamine in food. Проведен анализ научных данных, в т.ч. данных американских и европейских научных сообществ, по вопросу использования рактопамина в качестве стимулятора роста в животноводстве и обоснования максимально допустимых уровней этого соединения в мясе и субпродуктах. Подтверждена позиция российской стороны, высказанная на 35-й сессии Комиссии Codex Alimentarius о том, что допустимая суточная доза рактопамина недостаточно обоснована и не может быть использована для установления максимально допустимых уровней содержания рактопамина в мясе и субпродуктах. Показано, что поступление рактопамина с пищевой продукцией на уровне остаточных количеств, рекомендованных Комиссией Codex Alimentarius, с учетом уровня потребления в пищу населением Российской Федерации продуктов животноводства, приведет к неприемлемому риску для здоровья населения, что будет способствовать росту числа случаев болезней сердечно-сосудистой системы и сокращению ожидаемой продолжительности жизни. В связи с этим, Россия отстаивает позицию против принятия максимально допустимого уровня рактопамина в пищевых продуктах.

Separate quontitative determination of organic and non-organic arsenic in sea products

The performed research is truly vital, as As (arsenic) concentration in food products is now of great interest. The US ATSDR and EPA enlist As among the most toxic substances which are dangerous for human health. We suggest a procedure for separate quantitative mass fraction determination for organic (oAs) and non-organic (iAs) arsenic compounds in sea products with solid phase extraction (SPE) application combined with atomic adsorption spectrometry. Samples were prepared according to the following procedure: liquid extraction phase with simultaneous As (III) oxidation into As (IV) with hydrogen peroxide and As (V) extraction into a 0.055 M liquid phase with hydrochloric acid. Arsenic organic and non-organic compounds were separated via solid phase extraction with Strata SAX cartridges (Sorbent Lot Number: S208-0058). To quantitatively assess the obtained samples, we applied atomic-adsorption techniques for As determination with "KVANT-2A-GRG" spectrometer according to the State Standard 51766-2001. We revealed that common As concentration didn't conform to fixed standards in 8 out of 17 analyzed samples (2 shrimps, 1 crab, 1 fish, and 4 seaweeds). However, iAs concen-tration was significantly lower than oAs concentration in all the samples. 6 out of 17 analyzed samples didn't contain any iAs within detection limits (0.1 mg/kg), and apparently all the As concentration occurred due to its organic compounds. The suggested procedure for separate oAs and iAs detection is relatively simple in terms of devices applied in it, and quite cheap, as SPE cartridges needed to perform it can be re-used after re-conditioning. This procedure, after a proper metrological validation, can be implemented in most laboratories which are certified to examine chemical safety of food products

Impact of silica dioxide nanoparticles on the morphology of internal organs in rats by oral supplementation

The object of the study was amorphous silica dioxide (SiO 2 ), which is widely used as a food additive (E551), a subsidiary component in pharmaceutical preparations, perfumery and cosmetic products etc. In the specification of JECFA silica dioxide does not have information about the size of its particles, which allows the use of fine amorphous SiO 2 , obtained by gas phase hydrolysis of tetrachlorosilane as a food additive. This material, known as the "Aerosil", is characterized by the size of the specific surface area of 300–380 m 2 /g and the size of its relatively weakly agglomerated particles of 6–30 nm, i.e., it is a nanomaterial. In the biological model the morphological changes in organs and tissue systems on oral supplementation of nanoscale particles of silica dioxide were studied. Wistar male rats were given nanosized silica dioxide with specific surface area of 300 m 2 /g and primary nanoparticle size on the basis of data of electrical, atomic-powered microscopy, and dynamic light scattering in the range of 20–60 nm during 92 days. Light microscopic morphological examination of organs of rats showed a relatively mild inflammation in the structure of parenchymal organs (liver, kidney), not showing a certain dose-dependent nanoparticles. The most pronounced changes were in ileum morphology, consisting of a massive lymph macrophage and eosinophil infiltration of villi, without any apparent violation of their epithelial layer structure, which indirectly indicates the absence of violations of the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium. At the maximum dose of 100 mg/kg bw, the increased immune response was the most significant in the wall of the ileum. The results indicate the potential risks to human health when using SiO 2 having a specific surface area of 300 m 2 /g or higher in the composition of food products as a food additive

Population health risk related to increased content of benzpyrene in soil

The article deals with the problem of soil contamination with benzpyrene within sanitary-hygienic zone of an oil refinery plant. We proved that benzpyrene penetrated into soils due to oil-containing wastes and sedimentation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from powder-gas discharges on soil surface. Benzpyrene concentration detection at the boundary of a sanitary-hygienic zone provides guidelines for determining discharges spread into the atmosphere from stationary sources; it also serves as an indirect parameter characterizing soil self-purification intensity. We treated benzpyrene content in soils as an informative indicator showing soil horizon contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy oil fractions. Over 2015–2016 66 soil samples were taken and analyzed. We detected benzpyrene concentration with Agilent Technologies 7820A GC System «Maestro» gas chromatograph with mass-selective detector Agilent Technologies 5975 Series MSD in full conformity with ISO 18287: 2006. We compared actual benzpyrene concentrations with maximum permissible concentration (MPC = 0.02 mg/kg), confirmed by Hygienic Standard 2.1.7.2041-06. The results of analyzing the samples as per benzpyrene content revealed that it was higher than maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in all of them. Share of samples with benzpyrene content higher than 1.5 MPC varied from 54.5 % to 90.9 % in different seasons. Some places within sanitary-hygienic zone had high benzpyrene concentration in soils reaching 9.85 MPC. High benzpyrene content in soils proves there is persistent soil horizon contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soil self-purification slows down. And this, in its turn, causes carcinogenic health risk occurrence (1.0810–3 – 6.5510–3)

Toxicological evaluation of nano-sized colloidal silver in experiments on mice. behavioral reactions, morphology of internals

The results of toxicity studies of nano-sized colloidal silver (NCC), the most widely used in medicine, food and life, are given. When evaluating safe doses of silver NP (using commercially available NCC solution stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), with the size of silver NP at the range of 5-80 nm) when orally administered to male mice, BALB/c mice at doses of 0.1; 1.0 and 10 mg/kg of body weight per silver different effects from the motor and orienting-exploratory activity were revealed, for the part of them the dependence on the dose of the NCC was typical. The following peculiarities were found: reduction in motor activity to reduce the frequency of activities requiring physical effort, reduction of the execution time of these actions; increasing anxiety in terms of frequency and duration of attacks of orienting-investigative activity and animals washing. Morphological examination revealed a series of tissue changes of internal organs (especially liver and spleen, to a lesser extent – kidney, heart and colon) with increase of the spectrum and severity of structural changes with increasing doses of the NCC. From the combination of the data the conclusion was made that maximal ineffective dose (NOAEL) of this nanomaterial at subacute oral administration is no more than 0.1 mg/kg body weight

Toxicity of yessotoxin in experiment in vivo

Yessotoxin (YTX) is a polyether. There are more than 90 known derivatives of yessotoxin. YTX was excluded from diarrhea toxins group as it, unlike okadaic acid, doesn't cause diarrhea. YTX chemical structure is similar to that of brevetoxins and ciguatoxins that influence functioning of calcium-sodium pump and trans-membrane ion channels. So, YTX can exert influence on functioning of all the organs and systems in a body. YTX is known to promote apoptosis in the cerebral tissues. Average lethal dose LD50 for YTX and its analogues varied from 100 µg/kg to 500-750 µg/kg; the figures were obtained in various experiments performed on mice. Safe YTX level for acute impact (acute reference dose) amounts to 25 μM/kg of body weight. Nowadays toxicity parameters for YTX and some of its analogues are determined; its basic action mechanisms and a role it plays in promoting apoptosis are well-known. In spite of more and more data on biological effects produced by YTX on a warm-blooded organism, experts are still unable to describe its action mechanisms precisely. Our research goal was to examine YTX toxicity in experiments in vivo in doses that were lower than the detected acute reference dose. The experiment was performed on 72 male Wistar rats with initial body weight being equal to 100±10 г. Animals were given dry balanced feedstuff produced by "Laboratortakorm" LLC (Russia) and had free access to it. We used YTX preparation produced by "National Research Council Canada" (Canada) in our experiment; the preparation was a methanol solution (YTX content was equal to 4.3 µmol). We determined mass of internal organs, biochemical and hematological blood parameters, apoptosis of brain cells, malonic dialdehyde level in the brain and reduced glutathione in the liver. We showed that YTX doses (2μM/kg, 8μM/kg and 12μM/kg) lower than ARfD=2μM/kg can exert toxic impacts on a warm-blooded organism. The obtain data prove it is necessary to additionally assess risks of an increase in maximum permissible YTX contents in shellfish from 1 mg/kg to 3.75 mg/kg