Representativeness of the European Social Partner Organizations: Tanning and Leather Industry

This study provides information designed to encourage sectoral social dialogue in the tanning and leather sector. The aim of Eurofound’s series of studies on representativeness is to identify the relevant national and supranational social partner organisations in the field of industrial relations in selected sectors. The study identified IndustriAll Europe (representing employees) and the Confederation of National Associations of Tanners and Dressers of the European Community (COTANCE) (representing employers) as the most important European level social partner organisations in the sector

The ECB's Dilemma in View of the European Monetary Union: The Case of Germany and Spain

In the post-crisis environment the discussion about the optimal monetary policy in the Euro Area (EA) is an important topic. A number of scholars have argued that a big part of the problem of the EA is the currency union, because Europe is too heterogeneous for a currency area. This paper asks what impact the existence of the currency union has had on the effectiveness of monetary policy in the EA by comparing the cases of Germany and Spain. It puts a particular emphasis on the trade-offs the ECB faces in the current situation when choosing its monetary policy by discussing the different needs of Germany and Spain. The theoretical review and empirical analysis in this thesis confirm that the existence of the monetary union has contributed to substantial imbalances within Europe due to the fact that there is no one-size fits all monetary policy. Moreover, the existence of the monetary union has important effects on the policy choice of the ECB in the post-crisis situation. The empirical analysis shows that monetary policy has become a dangerous balancing act between preventing unsustainable expansions in some countries and dragging down growth in others

Bürgerversicherung und Kopfpauschale haben vieles gemeinsam: Anmerkungen zur Diskussion einer Reform der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung

Der vorliegende Beitrag beleuchtet die beiden häufig als Antipoden verstandenen Reformmodelle Kopfpauschale und einer Bürgerversicherung aus finanzwissenschaftlicher und sozialpolitischer Perspektive. Gegenübergestellt werden ein Modell mit pauschalem Beitragssatz und steuerfinanziertem Sozialausgleich einerseits und ein einkommensabhängiges Beitragssystem mit erweiterter Bemessungsgrundlage andererseits. Dabei sollen weniger die distributiven Auswirkungen an sich, sondern vielmehr Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten in ihren Auswirkungen erarbeitet werden. Es zeigt sich, dass beide Konzepte vielfach nahezu identische Wirkungen haben. Dies geht so weit, dass beide Modelle materiell zurückgeführt werden können auf ein System einer negativen Einkommensteuer, mit dem die versicherungsfremden Transfers refinanziert werden. Bei beiden Modellen ergibt sich aus der Garantie der Versicherungsleistung bei einem Nulleinkommen materiell ein Kopf-Transfer, der mit wachsendem Einkommen durch die Beitragszahlungen der Versicherten steuerähnlich refinanziert wird. Es wird deutlich, dass die Systeme weit näher mit einander verwandt sind, als häufig vermutet. --

Survey, Testing and Assessment of Cultural Resources in Portions of Willacy County Drainage District No. 1, Willacy County, Texas

Two archeological projects were undertaken in the fall of 1982 by Prewitt and Associates, Inc. Both projects were authorized by the Willacy County Drainage District No. 1. The first investigation was an archeological survey to locate, record and assess previously unknown cultural resources which potentially could be affected by proposed drainage ditch development (Main Floodway Channel) in the central county area. Field inspections of this proposed alignment detected 24 archeological sites. Fourteen of these recorded sites are classified as isolated finds which are presumed to be prehistoric . The remaining ten resources are classified as sites, six containing prehistoric materials and four attributed to the recent (post-1900) historic past. Five of the prehistoric sites, 41WY84, 41WY86 , 41WY89, 41WY90 and 41WY91, were assessed initially as having high information yield potential, and testing was considered warranted prior to the construction of the Main Floodway Channel to more fully assess the potential eligibility of these sites for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. This recommendation for testing prompted the second project which involved test excavations at site 41WY84. Site 41WY84 was selected from the five prehistoric sites for testing to better assess the nature and condition of these resources. It is concluded from the data recovered that site 41WY84 contains thinly dispersed cultural materials in a highly disturbed context and therefore does not warrant nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. On the basis of these testing results, archeological clearance for the proposed Willacy County Drainage District No. 1 Main Floodway Channel is recommended

Additions- und Cycloadditionsreaktionen von Allenyl-Kationen mit cyclischen 1,3-Dienen

Die Zinkchlorid-katalysierte Umsetzung von 1,3-Cyclohexadien oder 1,3-Cycloheptadien mit den Propargylchloriden 3 liefert Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene 1 bzw. Bicyclo[3.2.2]nonene 2, deren Bildung durch stufenweise [2 + 4]-Cycloadditionen intermediärer Allenyl-Kationen 12 gedeutet wird. Mit 1,3-Cyclooctadien entstehen unter diesen Bedingungen die 3-Chlor-8-propargylcyclooctene 4. Anthracen reagiert mit 3a im Sinne einer [2 + 4]-Cycloaddition unter Bildung des Dibenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octadiens 22, während 3a mit Furan eine elektrophile aromatische Substitution eingeht. Diese Unterschiede der 1,3-Cycloalkadiene werden durch die verschiedene Stabilität der intermediären Carbenium-Ionen erklärt

Paramagnetic Reentrance Effect in NS Proximity Cylinders

A scenario for the unusual paramagnetic reentrance behavior at ultra-low temperatures in Nb-Ag, Nb-Au, and Nb-Cu cylinders is presented. For the diamagnetic response down to temperatures of the order 15 mK, the standard theory (quasi-classical approximation) for superconductors appears to work very well, assuming that Ag, Au, and Cu remain in the normal state except for the proximity-induced superconductivity. Here it is proposed that these noble metals may become p-wave superconductors with a transition temperature of order 10 mK. Below this temperature, p-wave triplet superconductivity emerges around the periphery of the cylinder. The diamagnetic current flowing in the periphery is compensated by a quantized paramagnetic current in the opposite direction, thus providing a simple explanation for the observed increase in the susceptibility at ultra-low temperatures.Comment: RevTex, 8 pages with 1 eps figur

Paramagnetic reentrant effect in high purity mesoscopic AgNb proximity structures

We discuss the magnetic response of clean Ag coated Nb proximity cylinders in the temperature range 150 \mu K < T < 9 K. In the mesoscopic temperature regime, the normal metal-superconductor system shows the yet unexplained paramagnetic reentrant effect, discovered some years ago [P. Visani, A. C. Mota, and A. Pollini, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1514 (1990)], superimposing on full Meissner screening. The logarithmic slope of the reentrant paramagnetic susceptibility chi_para(T) \propto \exp(-L/\xi_N) is limited by the condition \xi_N=n L, with \xi_N=\hbar v_F/2 \pi k_B T, the thermal coherence length and n=1,2,4. In wires with perimeters L=72 \mu m and L=130 \mu m, we observe integer multiples n=1,2,4. At the lowest temperatures, \chi_para compensates the diamagnetic susceptibility of the \textit{whole} AgNb structure.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures (color