Generation of GeV protons from 1 PW laser interaction with near critical density targets

The propagation of ultra intense laser pulses through matter is connected with the generation of strong moving magnetic fields in the propagation channel as well as the formation of a thin ion filament along the axis of the channel. Upon exiting the plasma the magnetic field displaces the electrons at the back of the target, generating a quasistatic electric field that accelerates and collimates ions from the filament. Two-dimensional Particle-in-Cell simulations show that a 1 PW laser pulse tightly focused on a near-critical density target is able to accelerate protons up to an energy of 1.3 GeV. Scaling laws and optimal conditions for proton acceleration are established considering the energy depletion of the laser pulse.Comment: 26 pages, 8 figure

Accelerating Protons to Therapeutic Energies with Ultra-Intense Ultra-Clean and Ultra-Short Laser Pulses

Proton acceleration by high-intensity laser pulses from ultra-thin foils for hadron therapy is discussed. With the improvement of the laser intensity contrast ratio to 10-11 achieved on Hercules laser at the University of Michigan, it became possible to attain laser-solid interactions at intensities up to 1022 W/cm2 that allows an efficient regime of laser-driven ion acceleration from submicron foils. Particle-In-Cell (PIC) computer simulations of proton acceleration in the Directed Coulomb explosion regime from ultra-thin double-layer (heavy ions / light ions) foils of different thicknesses were performed under the anticipated experimental conditions for Hercules laser with pulse energies from 3 to 15 J, pulse duration of 30 fs at full width half maximum (FWHM), focused to a spot size of 0.8 microns (FWHM). In this regime heavy ions expand predominantly in the direction of laser pulse propagation enhancing the longitudinal charge separation electric field that accelerates light ions. The dependence of the maximum proton energy on the foil thickness has been found and the laser pulse characteristics have been matched with the thickness of the target to ensure the most efficient acceleration. Moreover the proton spectrum demonstrates a peaked structure at high energies, which is required for radiation therapy. 2D PIC simulations show that a 150-500 TW laser pulse is able to accelerate protons up to 100-220 MeV energies.Comment: 26 pages, 6 figure

Влияние ожирения и андрогенного дефицита на кровообращение в предстательной железе

In Study at 120 Diabetes Mellitus II type men the high frequency Obesity (71,7%) and Androgen Deficiency (52,8—64,5% of the patients depending on a degree of the indemnification) and them pathogenic authentic communications were shown. The blood level of total testosterone was represented by the critical factor of Prostatic arterial Blood Circulation. Obesity and Androgen Deficiency are seem as independent risk factors to development of ischemic prostatopathy, such as Prostatic blood circulation Disorders can develop earlier than other variants of the diabetic microangiophaty.При обследовании 120 мужчин с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа выявлена высокая частота ожирения (71,7%) и андрогенного дефицита (52,8—64,5% больных в зависимости от степени его компенсации), между которыми установлена достоверная связь. Уровень общего тестостерона крови представлялся критическим фактором, определявшим скорость артериального кровотока в простате. Ожирение и андрогенный дефицит являются факторам риска развития ишемической простатопатии, так как нарушения органного кровотока в предстательной железе могут возникать раньше других вариантов диабетической микроангиопатии

Новые системные механизмы патогенеза симптомов нижних мочевых путей у мужчин (литературный обзор)

In the Modern Literary Review the newest pathogenic theories of interrelation between widespread somatic pathology — Metabolic Syndrome — and Androgen Deficiency and low urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) at men are considered. Metabolic Syndrome while is poorly familiar practical Urologists. However, they should be informed on an essential role of specified Hormonal and Metabolic factors in Pathogenesis of LUTS at men, as the new understanding of methodology of Urological diseases is possible today only on a joint of specialities.В литературном обзоре рассматриваются новейшие патогенетические теории взаимосвязи широко распространенной соматической патологии — метаболического синдрома — и андрогенного дефицита с симптомами нижних мочевых путей (СНМП) у мужчин. Метаболический синдром пока мало знаком практическим урологам. Однако они должны быть осведомлены о существенной роли указанных гормонально-метаболических факторов в патогенезе СНМП у мужчин, так как новое понимание методологии урологических заболеваний возможно сегодня только на стыке специальностей

Energetic electron and ion generation from interactions of intense laser pulses with laser machined conical targets

The generation of energetic electron and proton beams was studied from the interaction of high intensity laser pulses with pre-drilled conical targets. These conical targets are laser machined onto flat targets using 7–180 µJ pulses whose axis of propagation is identical to that of the main high intensity pulse. This method significantly relaxes requirements for alignment of conical targets in systematic experimental investigations and also reduces the cost of target fabrication. These experiments showed that conical targets increase the electron beam charge by up to 44 ± 18% compared with flat targets. We also found greater electron beam divergence for conical targets than for flat targets, which was due to escaping electrons from the surface of the cone wall into the surrounding solid target region. In addition, the experiments showed similar maximum proton energies for both targets since the larger electron beam divergence balances the increase in electron beam charge for conical targets. 2D particle in cell simulations were consistent with the experimental results. Simulations for conical target without preplasma showed higher energy gain for heavy ions due to 'directed coulomb explosion'. This may be useful for medical applications or for ion beam fast ignition fusion.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/85411/1/nf10_5_055006.pd

A case of 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency type 3 in adult endocrinologist practice

17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 deficiency (17HSD3) is a rare autosomal recessive cause of 46, XY disorders of sex development resulting from HSD17B3 gene mutations, in which conversion of androstenedione to testosterone is impared. The clinical signs of 17HSD3 deficiency depend on the residual activity of the enzyme. The diagnosis of 17HSD3 deficiency is based on reduced testosterone/androstenedione ratio (T/AD < 0.8). Patients are usually assigned at birth and raise as female. If the diagnosis is made before puberty, gonadectomy is recommended, taking into account the risk of masculinization during the puberty and estrogen therapy initiation in this period. If the diagnosis of 17HSD3 deficiency is established during puberty, when virilization manifests, the therapeutic strategy is based on the results of comprehensive psychological testing and gender identity of a patient. In patients with more pronounced masculinization or diagnosis established shortly after birth, who are assigned at birth and raise as male, testosterone therapy is used to achieve a male phenotype. The 17HSD3 deficiency and virilization often result in a change of gender identity during puberty. The article presents a clinical case of 17-βhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency with late diagnosis due to parental will. The diagnostic approaches and management of the disease are also described

Features of the steroid profile of saliva in patients with COVID-19

Material and methods. The study included 16 men aged 28 to 81 years (average age 50.3±13.4 years) with confirmed new coronavirus infection of varying severity, were hospitalized in April 2020 in Moscow COVID hospital. Patients were divided into three groups, depending on the severity of COVID-19: the 1 group was a mild course (n=7), the 2 group was a moderate course (n=7), and the 3 group was a severe course of the disease (n=2). All patients were cured. In addition to the steroid profile of saliva, all patients underwent a test for arbitrary breath holding (Stange test), which reflects the reserve capabilities of the lungs, as well as a general blood test. In 6 patients, vitamin D was determined by mass spectrometry. Results and discussion. There was a testosterone deficiency in all patients with COVID-19, while there was a connection between a decrease in testosterone and the severity of the disease: the maximum decrease in testosterone was observed in patients with severe disease. Conclusion. Given the known effect of testosterone on the synthesis of nitric oxide, a deficiency of which leads to the development of not only insulin resistance and oxidative stress, chronic hypoxia, but also bronchospasm and pulmonary edema, it is necessary to include the determination of the steroid profile of saliva in the diagnostic algorithms for managing patients with a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. st nd r

Influence of obesity and androgen deficiency on prostatic blood circulation

In Study at 120 Diabetes Mellitus II type men the high frequency Obesity (71,7%) and Androgen Deficiency (52,8—64,5% of the patients depending on a degree of the indemnification) and them pathogenic authentic communications were shown. The blood level of total testosterone was represented by the critical factor of Prostatic arterial Blood Circulation. Obesity and Androgen Deficiency are seem as independent risk factors to development of ischemic prostatopathy, such as Prostatic blood circulation Disorders can develop earlier than other variants of the diabetic microangiophaty

The role of estrogens at men. Part 2. Private clinical endocrinology and pathophysiology of estrogens at men

Until now, estrogens are traditionally considered primarily as key hormones that perform critical functions in females, however, their role in males is not less important, although it remains understudied. However, a deep understanding of male physiology and endocrinology, it is imperative to solve practical problems of gender pathogenetic therapy of men,s diseases, is impossible today without taking into account the key role of testosterone in males, and without rethinking the role of estrogens, 80 % of which in males formed as a result of testosterone aromatisation. Thus, the violation of the synthesis and metabolism of testosterone in men naturally lead to disorder of the synthesis and metabolism of estrogen, which allows to express the idea that without estrogens, testosterone alone can not provide the entire range of the male body physiological effects. The second part of the literature review highlights exactly the Private Endocrinology and Pathophysiology of estrogens in men, which prove this assertion. The most important systems in which the regulation of the primary role of estrogens is presented in both sexes are central nervous system and bones, and possible mechanisms of these pathophysiological effects of estrogen in males are reviewed in detail. In addition, issues of influence of estrogens at the state of the male breast (gynecomastia), and shows close interaction of estrogens and androgens in providing function of male reproductive and cardiovascular systems. Today we know that the pathogenesis of such common disease in men as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is closely associated with the pathophysiology of both androgens and estrogens, so mechanisms of estrogens participation in the processes of prostatic proliferation (BPH) are examined in detail in this review. Urgent problem of men,s health is prostate cancer, which has a hormonal nature, so current data available on the hormonal mechanisms of this disease with estrogens are presents in the review. Based on the analysis of literature data concluded that estrogens are essential for males, because only in the «metabolic conjunction» with them testosterone can effectively carry out their physiological functions in the male body