Overcriminalization Based on Foreign Law: How the Lacey Act Incorporates Foreign Law to Overcriminalize Importers and Users of Timber Products

After assessing the law, this Note argues that the application of foreign law to companies using timber products is an example of vast over-criminalization that should be addressed through judicial reinterpretation of case law that had developed under the Lacey Act (“the Act”) prior to the inclusion of timber products, through rewriting the legislation to address the pertinent issues, or some combination thereof. Part I explores the history and expansion of the Act, including discussion of case law that developed before the Act was amended in 2008 to extend its applicability to timber and wood products. Part II argues that the timber and wood products markets are significantly different from the markets against which the Act has historically applied and that the law surrounding the Act needs to be reconsidered in light of these differences. Part III discusses various options for resolving these issues and ultimately argues that a repeal of the 2008 Amendments or other legislative modification of the law is warranted

Predicting the Effect of Gaps Between Pallet Deckboards on the Compression Strength of Corrugated Boxes

The majority of corrugated boxes are transported and stored on pallets where the reduced support area due to deckboard gaps has an adverse effect on the strength of the corrugated boxes Therefore, an adjustment factor is used to adjust the box compression strength to account for the lack of support, but these factors were developed for a limited range of deckboard gaps, box sizes, and box orientations. In addition, there is no predictive model that can estimate the reduction in compression strength based on the size of the box and the size of the gap. The main objective of this study was to investigate and predict the loss in compression strength produced by top deckboards with a wide range of gaps between them using empirical data from two different corrugated box sizes. Results indicated that corrugated box compression strength decreased as the gap between the pallet deckboards increased. Larger boxes (305mm wide) were far less susceptible to the effect of gaps than the smaller boxes. A decrease in strength was observed when the location of the gap was relocated within 10 mm of the box corner. Gaps were found to produce the same reduction in compression strength when subdivided into two smaller gaps. Finally, a modification of the McKee equation was put forth and the analysis found the equation to be capable of predicting the loss in compression strength produced by gaps. The predictive accuracy was similar to the original McKee equation, and thus equally limited by the inherently large variation in corrugated boxes

The role of anger rumination and autism spectrum disorder– Linked perseveration in the experience of aggression in the general population

This study (a) examined the role of anger rumination as a mediator of the relation between social anxiety and the experience of anger, hostility, and aggression, in the general population, and (b) evaluated the degree to which the presence of autism spectrum disorder characteristics moderates the indirect influence of anger rumination. We then explored whether social cognition and perseveration characteristic of autism spectrum disorder uniquely accounted for the predicted moderation. In this survey study of young adults (n = 948), anger rumination mediated the relation between social anxiety and hostility, as well as verbal and physical aggression, as predicted. Greater autism spectrum disorder characteristics augmented the effect of social anxiety on hostility and physical aggression by increasing the effect of anger rumination, but not by increasing the effect of social anxiety on anger rumination. Implications for developing treatment approaches that target hostility and aggression among young adults who may not be formally diagnosed but have characteristics of autism spectrum disorder are discussed

The Physical Effects of Progenitor Rotation: Comparing Two Long-Duration 3D Core-Collapse Supernova Simulations

We analyse and determine the effects of modest progenitor rotation in the context of core-collapse supernovae by comparing two separate long-duration three-dimensional simulations of 9 M$_{\odot}$ progenitors, one rotating with an initial spin period of $\sim$60 seconds and the other non-rotating. We determine that both models explode early, though the rotating model explodes a bit earlier. Despite this difference, the asymptotic explosion energies ($\sim$10$^{50}$ ergs) and residual neutron star baryon masses ($\sim$1.3 M$_{\odot}$) are similar. We find that the proto-neutron star (PNS) core can deleptonize and cool significantly more quickly. Soon into the evolution of the rotating model, we witness more vigorous and extended PNS core convection that early in its evolution envelopes the entire inner sphere, not just a shell. Moreover, we see a corresponding excursion in both the $\nu_e$ luminosity and gravitational-wave strain that may be diagnostic of this observed dramatic phenomenon. In addition, after bounce the innermost region of the rotating model seems to execute meridional circulation. The rotationally-induced growth of the convective PNS region may facilitate the growth of core B-fields by the dynamo mechanism by facilitating the achievement of the critical Rossby number condition for substantial growth of a dipole field, obviating the need for rapid rotation rates to create dipole fields of significance. The next step is to explore the progenitor-mass and spin dependencies across the progenitor continuum of the supernova explosion, dynamics, and evolution of PNS convection and its potential role in the generation of magnetar and pulsar magnetic fields.Comment: Withdrawn pending further calculation

The role of anger rumination and autism spectrum disorder– Linked perseveration in the experience of aggression in the general population

This study (a) examined the role of anger rumination as a mediator of the relation between social anxiety and the experience of anger, hostility, and aggression, in the general population, and (b) evaluated the degree to which the presence of autism spectrum disorder characteristics moderates the indirect influence of anger rumination. We then explored whether social cognition and perseveration characteristic of autism spectrum disorder uniquely accounted for the predicted moderation. In this survey study of young adults (n = 948), anger rumination mediated the relation between social anxiety and hostility, as well as verbal and physical aggression, as predicted. Greater autism spectrum disorder characteristics augmented the effect of social anxiety on hostility and physical aggression by increasing the effect of anger rumination, but not by increasing the effect of social anxiety on anger rumination. Implications for developing treatment approaches that target hostility and aggression among young adults who may not be formally diagnosed but have characteristics of autism spectrum disorder are discussed

Development of analgesic peptide therapeutics for AIDS-related neuropathic pain

poster abstractChronic neuropathic pain is a huge problem to the health and well-being of an increasingly ageing population in the US, as substantiated by the large unmet clinical need associated with this type of pain, with estimates of 30-50% of sufferers refractory to existing medication. Thus, there is an imperative to increase knowledge of mechanisms of action of the key proteins in nociceptive pathways in vitro and to extend this knowledge to in vivo models of neuropathy to advance therapeutic development in this area. N-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaV2.2) have emerged as potential novel targets for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Funded, in part, by a FORCES grant, we have identified two novel derivatives of the parent 15 amino acid CBD3 peptide, derived from collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2) that suppressed inflammatory and neuropathic hypersensitivity by inhibiting CRMP-2 binding to N-type voltage gated calcium channels (CaV2.2) [Brittain et al., Nature Medicine 17:822-829 (2011)]. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed nanogram levels of peptide in plasma of rats systemic administration consistent with relief of hypersensitivity. Furthermore, we observed improved and broader efficacy of the derivatized peptides in AIDS-therapy and nerve-injury related neuropathic pain models. Future studies regarding dosing and route of delivery optimization as well as identification of peptide-mimetics are ongoing to fully realize the commercial value of the peptides. Supported by the Startup program at the Indiana University Research & Technology Corporation (IURTC), we have setup Sophia Therapeutics LLC and together with IURTC are committed to the work proposed here

Detecting HLA-infectious disease associations for multi-strain pathogens

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules play a vital role helping our immune system to detect the presence of pathogens. Previous work to try and ascertain which HLA alleles offer advantages against particular pathogens has generated inconsistent results. We have constructed an epidemiological model to understand why this may occur. The model captures the epidemiology of a multi strain pathogen for which the host's ability to generate immunological memory responses to particular strains depends on that host's HLA genotype. We find that an HLA allele's ability to protect against infection, as measured in a case control study, depends on the population frequency of that HLA allele. Furthermore, our capability to detect associations between HLA alleles and infection with a multi strain pathogen may be affected by the properties of the pathogen itself (i.e R0 and length of infectious period). Both host and pathogen genetics must be considered in order to identify true HLA associations. However, in the absence of detailed pathogen genetic information, a negative correlation between the frequency of an HLA type and its apparent protectiveness against disease caused by multi strain pathogen is a strong indication that the HLA type in question is well adapted to a subset of strains of that pathogen