Some factors relating to the larval growth of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on artificial diets

A brief account of the history of the development of artificial diets for phytophagous insects is given. Some conceptions with regard to terminology are discussed (chapter 3).Artificial diets for the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, were developed and in addition some factors determining the feeding and rate of growth of the larvae have been brought to light.Larvae of the four consecutive instars reared on a diet were compared concerning their feeding and growth response (chapter 4). From the increased feeding activity of the larvae of the successive instars it appeared that an advance in tolerance towards the diet was observed as the larvae grew older. In addition it was noticed that as being in an advanced instar, the larvae were better able to accomplish their development on the diet.Because of the above mentioned phenomenon diets for the third instar larvae were based on the results of tests on the effects of various substances on larval growth (chapter 5). The nature of the substances tested as well as the concentration ratios of the dietary constituents appeared to be the most critical factors. Macro-molecular substances had to be included in the diet in view of the physico-chemical requirements for feeding and growth.First instar larvae reared on the best diets formulated so far for the third instar, could only attain the third instar.Non-aseptic rearing of newly hatched larvae on an autoclaved diet revealed that although palatability remained unchanged, the nutritive value of the diet was increased remarkably by heat treatment (chapter 6, section 6.5). Further experiments, however, are required to determine the factors causing this positive effect of autoclaving.In many cases during subsequent experiments 50 % or more of the individuals reared on an autoclaved diet from the time of hatching attained maturity. Addition of potato leaf powder appeared to promote feeding; however, it has no effect on growth. Inclusion of fresh potato leaves in the diet at a level of 10 % led to an increased feeding activity as well as an improved growth rate. However, growth ceased after two generations on diets with or without crude material from the host plant.In the present study it has been shown that ascorbic acid is required for larval growth. Commercial β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, cholesterol and ergosterol proved to be equally effective as sterol sources.An aseptic rearing technique for studies of the nutritional requirements was also developed, however, without satisfactory results.The improved quality of the diet by means of autoclaving enabled a mass rearing of larvae under non-aseptic conditions.In the general discussion (chapter 7) it was concluded that in principle the Colorado potato beetle could be reared on an artificial diet without addition of specific substances from the host plant. The results of the present study support the general opinion that the nutritional requirements for phytophagous insects are qualitatively more or less similar, but differ to a great extent quantitatively between species

Barriers to HIV testing among male clients of female sex workers in Indonesia

© The Author(s). 2018 This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.Abstract Background Frequent engagement of men in sexual encounters with female sex workers (FSWs) without using condoms places them at a high risk for HIV infection. HIV testing has been noted to be among important strategies to prevent HIV transmission and acquisition. However, it is known that not all men willingly undertake an HIV test as a way to prevent HIV transmission and/or acquisition. This study aimed to identify barriers to accessing HIV testing services among men who are clients of FSWs (clients) in Belu and Malaka districts, Indonesia. Methods A qualitative inquiry employing face to face open ended interviews was conducted from January to April 2017. The participants (n = 42) were clients of FSWs recruited using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Data were analysed using a qualitative data analysis framework. Results Findings indicated three main barriers of accessing HIV testing services by clients. These included: (1) personal barriers (lack of knowledge of HIV/AIDS and HIV testing availability, and unwillingness to undergo HIV testing due to low self-perceived risk of HIV and fear of the test result); (2) health care service provision barriers (lack of trust in health professionals and limited availability of medication including antiretroviral (ARV)); and (3) social barriers (stigma and discrimination, and the lack of social supports). Conclusions These findings indicated multilevelled barriers to accessing HIV testing services among participants, who are known to be among key population groups in HIV care. Actions to improve HIV/AIDS-related health services accessibility are required. The dissemination of the knowledge and information on HIV/AIDS and improved available of HIV/AIDS-related services are necessary actions to improve the personal levelled barriers. System wide barriers will need improved practices and health policies to provide patients friendly and accessible services. The societal levelled barriers will need a more broad societal approach including raising awareness in the community and enhanced discussions about HIV/AIDS issues in order to normalise HIV in the society

Some factors relating to the larval growth of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on artificial diets

A brief account of the history of the development of artificial diets for phytophagous insects is given. Some conceptions with regard to terminology are discussed (chapter 3).Artificial diets for the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, were developed and in addition some factors determining the feeding and rate of growth of the larvae have been brought to light.Larvae of the four consecutive instars reared on a diet were compared concerning their feeding and growth response (chapter 4). From the increased feeding activity of the larvae of the successive instars it appeared that an advance in tolerance towards the diet was observed as the larvae grew older. In addition it was noticed that as being in an advanced instar, the larvae were better able to accomplish their development on the diet.Because of the above mentioned phenomenon diets for the third instar larvae were based on the results of tests on the effects of various substances on larval growth (chapter 5). The nature of the substances tested as well as the concentration ratios of the dietary constituents appeared to be the most critical factors. Macro-molecular substances had to be included in the diet in view of the physico-chemical requirements for feeding and growth.First instar larvae reared on the best diets formulated so far for the third instar, could only attain the third instar.Non-aseptic rearing of newly hatched larvae on an autoclaved diet revealed that although palatability remained unchanged, the nutritive value of the diet was increased remarkably by heat treatment (chapter 6, section 6.5). Further experiments, however, are required to determine the factors causing this positive effect of autoclaving.In many cases during subsequent experiments 50 % or more of the individuals reared on an autoclaved diet from the time of hatching attained maturity. Addition of potato leaf powder appeared to promote feeding; however, it has no effect on growth. Inclusion of fresh potato leaves in the diet at a level of 10 % led to an increased feeding activity as well as an improved growth rate. However, growth ceased after two generations on diets with or without crude material from the host plant.In the present study it has been shown that ascorbic acid is required for larval growth. Commercial β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, cholesterol and ergosterol proved to be equally effective as sterol sources.An aseptic rearing technique for studies of the nutritional requirements was also developed, however, without satisfactory results.The improved quality of the diet by means of autoclaving enabled a mass rearing of larvae under non-aseptic conditions.In the general discussion (chapter 7) it was concluded that in principle the Colorado potato beetle could be reared on an artificial diet without addition of specific substances from the host plant. The results of the present study support the general opinion that the nutritional requirements for phytophagous insects are qualitatively more or less similar, but differ to a great extent quantitatively between species

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out during April-October 1996 to investigate the response of three soybean varieties to the combined infestation ofMeloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood and three root-gall nematode colonizing fungi (MCF). The experiments were done in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments in laboratory test were combination of three soybean varieties, i.e. Black soybean (VI)' Wilis (V z) and Lokon (V,J, two initial population densities of M. incognita, i.e. 0 and 300/200 ml growth medium, and three MCF species, i.e. Paecilomyces sp., Gliocladium catenulatum, and Trichoderma viride. The greenhouse treatments were the combination of three soybean varieties (Vb V2, V3), three initial population densities ofM. incognita (0, 1000, and 2000/4 I growth medium), and three MCF species. Result of laboratory tests showed that the combination ofM. incognita and three MCF species significantly reduced the damage levelofM. incognita and root weight loss. Reduction of shoot weight loss occurred only in slightly resistant and susceptible varieties in combination with PaeciIomyces sp. and G. catenulatum. Combination ofT. viride and M. incognita on three soybean varieties showed synergistic interaction. Result of greenhouse tests showed that all of the MCF isolates significantly reduced the damage level and the final population ofM. incognita. However, only Paecilomyces sp. could reduce the root weight loss, relative plant growth rate, and harvested seeds. These reducing effects were achieved on Lokon variety only, that is susceptible to M. incognita. There was no synergistic interaction between M. incognita and T. viride in the greenhouse test, even though the root colonization frequency of Trichoderma sp. on the susceptible variety was rather high.

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out during April-October 1996 to investigate the response of three soybean varieties to the combined infestation ofMeloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood and three root-gall nematode colonizing fungi (MCF). The experiments were done in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments in laboratory test were combination of three soybean varieties, i.e. Black soybean (VI)' Wilis (V z) and Lokon (V,J, two initial population densities of M. incognita, i.e. 0 and 300/200 ml growth medium, and three MCF species, i.e. Paecilomyces sp., Gliocladium catenulatum, and Trichoderma viride. The greenhouse treatments were the combination of three soybean varieties (Vb V2, V3), three initial population densities ofM. incognita (0, 1000, and 2000/4 I growth medium), and three MCF species. Result of laboratory tests showed that the combination ofM. incognita and three MCF species significantly reduced the damage levelofM. incognita and root weight loss. Reduction of shoot weight loss occurred only in slightly resistant and susceptible varieties in combination with PaeciIomyces sp. and G. catenulatum. Combination ofT. viride and M. incognita on three soybean varieties showed synergistic interaction. Result of greenhouse tests showed that all of the MCF isolates significantly reduced the damage level and the final population ofM. incognita. However, only Paecilomyces sp. could reduce the root weight loss, relative plant growth rate, and harvested seeds. These reducing effects were achieved on Lokon variety only, that is susceptible to M. incognita. There was no synergistic interaction between M. incognita and T. viride in the greenhouse test, even though the root colonization frequency of Trichoderma sp. on the susceptible variety was rather high

Kegiatan Fisioterapi Komunitas pada Pasien Bell's Palsy di Rehab Medik RSUD Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat

  Penyuluhan diadakan bertujuan untuk memberikan edukasi kepada pasien dan keluarga pasien tentang penyakit bell's palsy terutama tentang penyebab terjadinya bell's palsy dan cara melakukan latihan mandiri dirumah yang benar untuk mengurangi keluhan yang ditimbulkan oleh pasien. Metode yang digunakan dengan memberikan penyuluhan berupa promosi kesehatan tentang Bell's Palsy kepada pasien dan keluarga pasien serta menggunakan leafleat sebagai media penyuluhan, pemberian pre test dan post test berupa pertanyaan kepada pasien dan keluarga pasien guna mengukur keefektifan dari penyuluhan yang diberikan memberikan edukasi latihan mandiri dirumah. Penyuluhan berjalan dengan baik serta mudah dipahami oleh peserta sehingga dalam hasil pengevaluasian terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan peserta dari 0% hingga 100% setelah materi diberikan serta salah satu peserta juga mengalami Perubahan fungsional wajah yang cukup baik saat diberikan penerapan penatalaksanaan fisioterapi di RS dengan menggunakan beberapa modalitas. Kegiatan penyuluhan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan peserta mengenai bell's palsy dan terjadi Perubahan yang cukup signifikan dimana meningkatnya nilai kekuatan otot wajah pada penderita bell's palsy dimana pasien sudah mampu berbicara

Efektifitas Modalitas Latihan terhadap Penurunan Nyeri pada Lansia dengan Osteoartritis Lutut di Kota Malang

Osteoartritis merupakan penyakit sendi yang memiliki ciri khas yaitu terjadinya degradasi dari tulang rawan sendi. Terapi non farmakologis yang juga disarankan untuk penderita osteoartritis lainnya exercise yang di lakukan pada sendi lutut. Jenis exercise antara lain yang dapat dilakukan adalah home exercise, ataupun strengthening exercise yang berarti latihan penguatan yang meliputi quadriceps dan hamstring exercise, serta aerobik exercise seperti berjalan (forward walking or backward walking), bersepeda dan berenang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji secara empiris perbandingan efektifitas pemberian terapi Fisioterapi terhadap penurunan nyeri pasien lansia dengan osteoartritis lutut. Penelitian ini memiliki desain cross-sectional dengan 30 partisipan yang merupak pasien OA lutut di Puskesmas Dinoyo, RST Soepraoen, dan RS UMM dan telah memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Semua partisipan kemudian dibagi menjadi Grup I (menerima terapi latihan selama 6 minggu), dan Grup II ( menerima terapi latihan selama 2 minggu). Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuesioner VAS dan jenis analisa data yang dilakukan adalah uji paired T test dan independent T-test. Berdasarkan hasil uji paired T test masing-masing untuk Grup I dan Grup II diketahui bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara tingkat nyeri responden antara sebelum dan setelah dilakukan terapi latihan pada masing-masing grup. Selanjutnya ketika dibandingkan outcome terapi yang diberikan pada Grup I dan Grup II diketahui bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kedua Grup, dimana Grup II relatif memiliki tingkat penurunan nyeri yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan responden pada Grup I yang menerima terapi latihan selama 6 mingg