GENERAL TREATMENT PROTOCOL OF POISONING AND TWENTY FOUR TREATMENT MODALITIES BY ACHARYA CHARAK - A REVIEW

Ayurveda has its own way of approach towards the management of Visha (Poison), Agadtantra is a special branch of Ashtang Ayurveda having its own importance in Visha Chikitsa. A general principle of treatment of poisoning is explained in Ayurvedic Samhitas (Treatises) like Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata. Acharya Charak has explained Twenty four modalities in the treatment of poisoning irrespective of animate or inanimate poisoning. Other scholars have stated specific treatment in the poisoning cases but still 24 modalities retains its importance. Toxicology also explains general treatment protocol for management of poisoning. The Protocol consists of vital establishment, removal of poison, use of antidote, general and psychiatric care of patient. But due to complexity of poisoning cases; General Treatment protocol becomes the guideline for the further management. When we compare both Ayurveda and modern medicine with respect to this aspect, we find that all these principles which are suggested by modern medicine are already described in Ayurvedic Samhitas before thousands of years. Chaturvimshati Upakrama (24 modalities) are like the treatment principle which directs the actual treatment regime in individual cases. General treatment protocol of poisoning is the modern replica of Acharya Charak’s Chaturvimshati Upakarama. A comparison of twenty four modalities with the general treatment protocol of poisoning is attempted in this review article

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND ANTIBACTERIAL SCREENING OF TUBERS OF AMORPHOPHALLUS KONKANENSIS AND AMORPHOPHALLUS BULBIFER (ARACEAE)

Objective: Antioxidant activity (AOA) and antibacterial screening of tubers of unexplored Amorphophallus konkanensis Hett., Yadav & Patil (AKT) and Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Bl. (ABT). Methods: Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl (OH•) radical, nitric oxide (NO∙) radical scavenging activities. Phenolics were determined by total phenolic content (TPC) assay. Antibacterial screening of different solvent extracts of tubers was tested against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains by using the agar diffusion method. HPLC analysis was carried out for active phenolic compounds. Results: Tubers were extracted with three different solvents (ethanol, acetone and water). Acetone extracts of AKT and ABT exhibited the highest phenolic content 29.37±0.83 and 20.62±1.04 mg GAE/g. The AKT and ABT acetone extracts possesses highest free radical scavenging activity towards FRAP (0.632 & 0.586 O. D), DPPH (85.78% & 82.68%), hydroxyl (OH∙) radical (82.43% & 80.26%), nitric oxide (NO∙) radical (81.34% & 80.8%). The phenolic compounds tannic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, p-coumaric acid, catechin were identified by the HPLC method in acetone extracts. Among the different extracts, acetone extract of both the species of Amorphophallus showed significant antibacterial activity against all Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains tested. Conclusion: The results indicated that AKT and ABT can be considered as good sources of natural antioxidant for medicinal, commercial, nutraceutical and functional food applications. Antibacterial efficacy shown by these plants provides a scientific basis for their traditional uses in remedies

Hypoglycemic effects of Berberis aristata and Tamarindus indica extracts in vitro

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the hypoglycemic potential of Berberis aristata and Tamarindus indica using various in vitro techniques.MethodsThe selected plant extracts were studied for their effects on glucose adsorption capacity, in vitro glucose diffusion, in vitro amylolysis kinetics and glucose transport across the yeast cells.ResultsIt was observed that both the plant extracts adsorbed glucose and the adsorption of glucose increased remarkably with an increase in glucose concentration. No significant (p⩽0.05) differences were observed between the adsorption capacities of B. aristata and T. indica. The results of amylolysis kinetic experimental model exhibited that the rate of glucose diffusion was increased with time from 30 to 180min and both the plant extracts demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on movement of glucose into external solution across dialysis membrane as compared to control. It was observed that the plant extracts also promoted glucose uptake by the yeast cells. Enhancement of glucose uptake was dependent on both the sample and glucose concentration. B. aristata extract exhibited significantly higher (p⩽0.05) activity than the extract of T. indica at all concentrations.ConclusionThe results of the study verified the hypoglycemic activity of the extracts of B. aristata and T. indica. However, the observed effects need to be confirmed using different in vivo models and clinical trials for their effective utilization as therapeutic agents

Cribado de la actividad hipoglucémica in vitro de Murraya koenigii y Catharanthus roseu

Objective: The study aimed to verify the hypoglycemic effect of Murraya koenigii (M. koenigii) and Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) by using various in-vitro techniques. Method: The extracts were studied for their effects on glucose adsorption capacity, in-vitro glucose diffusion, in-vitro amylolysis kinetics and glucose transport across the yeast cells. Results: It was observed that the extracts of M. koenigii and C. roseus adsorbed glucose and the adsorption of glucose increased remarkably with an increase in glucose concentration. There were no significant (p≤0.05) differences between their adsorption capacities. In the amylolysis kinetic experimental model the rate of glucose diffusion was found to be increased with time from 30 to 180 min and both the plant extracts exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the movement of glucose into external solution across the dialysis membrane as compared to control. The extracts also promoted glucose uptake by the yeast cells and the enhancement of glucose uptake was dependent on both the sample and glucose concentration. The extract of M. koenigii exhibited significantly higher (p≤0.05) activity than the extract of C. roseus at all concentrations used in the study. Our report suggests the mechanism(s) for the hypoglycemic effect of M. koenigii and C. roseus. Conclusion: The said effect was observed to be mediated by inhibiting alpha amylase, inhibiting glucose diffusion by adsorbing glucose and by increasing glucose transport across the cell membranes as revealed by in-vitro model of yeast cells. However, these effects need to be affirmed by using different in vivo models and clinical trials.Objetivo: El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar el efecto hipoglucémico de Murraya koenigii (M. koenigii) y Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) mediante el uso de diversas técnicas in vitro. Método: Los extractos se estudiaron por sus efectos sobre la capacidad de adsorción de glucosa, la difusión de glucosa in vitro, la cinética de amilolisis in vitro y el transporte de glucosa a través de las células de levadura. Resultados: se observó que los extractos de M. koenigii y C. roseus adsorbieron glucosa y la adsorción de glucosa aumentó notablemente con un aumento en la concentración de glucosa. No hubo diferencias significativas (p≤0.05) entre sus capacidades de adsorción. En el modelo experimental cinético de amilolisis, se encontró que la velocidad de difusión de glucosa aumentaba con el tiempo de 30 a 180 min y ambos extractos de planta exhibían efectos inhibitorios significativos sobre el movimiento de la glucosa hacia la solución externa a través de la membrana de diálisis en comparación con el control. Los extractos también promovieron la absorción de glucosa por las células de levadura y la mejora de la captación de glucosa dependió tanto de la muestra como de la concentración de glucosa. El extracto de M. koenigii exhibió una actividad significativamente mayor (p≤0.05) que el extracto de C. roseus en todas las concentraciones utilizadas en el estudio. Nuestro informe sugiere el mecanismo (s) para el efecto hipoglucemiante de M. koenigii y C. roseus. Conclusión: Se observó que dicho efecto estaba mediado por la inhibición de la alfa amilasa, la inhibición de la difusión de glucosa por la adsorción de glucosa y el aumento del transporte de glucosa a través de las membranas celulares según lo revelado por el modelo in vitro de células de levadura. Sin embargo, estos efectos deben ser afirmados mediante el uso de diferentes modelos in vivo y ensayos clínicos

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Not AvailableFarmer’s perception about any developmental activity is priceless resource to policy makers for designing policies in order to reduce vulnerabilities of farmers. A scale was developed to measure the farmer’s perception towards Integrated Farming Systems based on Likert’s technique of scale construction. A list of 50 positive and negative (60:40) statements indicating the perception of farmers was prepared according to suitability of study. The statements were edited in the light of fourteen informal criteria suggested by Edwards. The remaining 37 statements out of 50 were sent to the 60 judges who were the experts in the field of Integrated Farming Systems for rating on three point continuums. The total individual score of judges was calculated by summing up the weights given by judges to the individual statement. On the basis of total individual scores of judges, the top 25 per cent of judges with the highest total scores and the bottom 25 per cent of judges with lowest total scores were taken as assuming that these two groups provide criterion groups in terms of which to evaluate the individual statements. On the basis of calculated ‘t’ values for all statements, 15 statements (11 positive and 4 negative) were retained in the final scale. This scale can be used to measure farmer’s perception beyond the study area with suitable modifications.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableLikert’s summated rating scale is often used in social science researches as an instrument to assess psychological constructs.Reliability is a vital element in the evaluation of a measurement instrument. The present article highlighted the procedureand application of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of reliability for assessing the internal consistency of the attitude scale.The list of 54 statements indicating the attitude was prepared and sent to the 60 judges for rating on three point’s continuums. The ‘t’ values for each statement was found out and 22 statements were retained in the final scale with above1.75 ‘t’ value. The study revealed that the strong internal consistency ( = .91) among the selected items of the scale. Thestudy suggested the use of the Cronbach alpha in the social science researches is a good means to estimate the reliability coefficient of all the items and/or combination of them for the accuracy of measuring instrument.Not Availabl