Parathion content in individual tissues of acutely poisoned rats

Određivan je paration u mozgu, jetri i mišićnom tkivu pacova nakon jednokratne intraperitonealne aplikacije otrova. Određivanje je vršeno metodom gasno-tečne hromatografije, hromatografom firme Varian, model 2100-20, opremljenim fosfornim detektorom. Kolona je punjena smešom dve stacionarne faze (silikonsko ulje DC-200 i QF-1) na Chromosorb W-HMDS, kao nosaču. U mozgu nisu nađene merljive količine parationa. Takođe, nije nađen paration u jetri i trbušnim mišićima u toku prvih 60 minuta trovanja. U dužim vremenskim intervalima nađene količine parationa iznosile su 0,125-7,158 µg/g tkiva.Parathion determinations were carried out in brain liver and muscle tissues of the rats poisoned by a single intraperitoneal injection, using gas-liquid chromatography. »Varian« chromatograph, model 2100-20, was used, equipped with a phosphorus detector. The column was packed with a mixture of two stationary phases (silicone oil DC-200 and OF-1) on Chromosorbe W-HMDS. No measurable quantities of parathion were found in the brain. During the first 60 minutes after the poison injection there was no parathion in the liver or abdominal muscles either. In longer time intervals, the detected quantities of parathion were in the range from 0.125 to 7.158 µg/g of the tissue

Karakterizacija kerogena tipa III Tirolskog škriljca (Hahntennjoch, Austrija) zasnovana na njegovim oksidacionim proizvodima

A 29-step alkaline permanganate degradation of type III kerogen from Tyrolean (Hahntennjoch, Austria) oil shale was performed. A high yield of oxidation products was obtained (93.7 % relative to the original kerogen): 0.5 % neutrals and bases, 19.5 % ether-soluble acids and 58.9 % of precipitated (PA). A substantial amount of kerogen carbon (14.8 %) was oxidized into carbon dioxide. The organic residue remaining after the final oxidation step was 6.9 %. The PA components were further oxidized and the total yields relative to original PA were 1.0 % neutrals and bases and 59.0 % ether-soluble acids, the non-degraded residue being 29.3 %. Detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis of all oxidation products suggested the Tyrolean shale kerogen to be a heterogeneous macromolecular substance consisting of three types of structures differing in composition and susceptibility towards alkaline permanganate: the first, resistant, presumably composed of aromatic structures linked by resorcinol ethereal bonds; the second, combined in nature, the aliphatic part comprising methyl-substituents and short cross-links, both easily oxidized into CO2, water and low molecular weight acids and aromatic structures yielding aromatic diand tri-carboxylic acids as oxidation products; finally the third, composed of aliphatic cross-links and substituents, alicyclic (and/or heterocyclic) and some aromatic structures, bound into units moderately resistant towards oxidation. The overall yields of kerogen and PA oxidation products lead towards a balance between aromatic, alkane monoand dicarboxylic and alkanepolycarboxylic acids, suggesting a shift of the structure of Tyrolean shale kerogen from typical aromatic reference type III towards a heterogeneous aromatic-aliphaticalicyclic type structure.Stupnjevitom degradacijom kerogena tirolskog škriljca pomoću alkalnog permanganata dobijeni su visoki prinosi oksidacionih proizvoda. Dobijene nerastvorne kiseline naknadno su degradovane u 8 stupnjeva. Detaljna GC-MS analiza kiselina rastvornih u etru, dobijenih degradacijom kerogena, potom intermedijarnih nerastvornih kiselina, pokazala je da je kerogen tirolskog škriljca heterogena makromolekularna supstanca i da se sastoji iz tri tipa strukture, različitog sastava i različite osetljivosti na primenjeno oksidaciono sredstvo. Prvi tip je aromatične prirode sa rezorcinolnim etarskim umreženjem, otporan prema alkalnom permanganatu. Drugi se vrlo lako oksiduje, a sastoji se od aromatičnih struktura umreženih kratkim alifatičnim nizovima i sa većim udelom metil-supstituenata. Ovaj tip strukture je pri oksidaciji dao visok prinos SO2, alifatične kiseline malih molekulskih masa i aromatične dii trikarboksilne kiseline u visokom prinosu. Treći tip strukture je srednje osetljivosti na permanganat, a sastoji se od alicikličnih i/ili heterocikličnih i aromatičnih jezgara povezanih alifatičnim nizovima srednjih dužina. Kvantitativan odnos alifatičnih, aromatičnih i alkan-polikarboksilnih kiselina u oksidacionim proizvodima pokazao je da struktura kerogena tirolskog škriljca odstupa od tipskih, dominantno aromatičnih struktura tipa III, kojima pripada po svom H/C-O/C atomskom odnosu, i da je pomerena ka heterogenim, aromatično-alifatično-alicikličnim strukturama tipa II

Correlative geochemical study of crude oils from southeastern and southern parts of the Pannonian Basin

Several crude oils from the southeastern Yugoslav part of the Pannonian Basin are correlated for the first time on the basis of many bulk and specific parameters. The investigations involved 15 oils from oil-gas fields A and B and oil field C from the Banat depression and oil field D from South Bačka depression, and four oils from recently discovered oil shows E (the Kostolac depression). On the basis of structural group analysis and other bulk parameters such as API gravity, contents of asphaltenes and sulfur, as well as content of n-alkanes and pristane to phytane ratio, the examined oils are classified into four groups. However, the distributions and relative abundances of n-alkanes, isoprenoids (C19, C20), steranes, tricyclic terpanes and pentacyclic triterpanes, obtained by capillary GC and computerized GC-MS analysis, suggest classification of the examined oils into only two genetic types: A-D and E1-E4. The oils are of relatively high maturity. They are not biodegraded, except for both oils from field D and the oil A9. © 1987

Acute toxicity of carbaryl and propoxur in mice previously treated with phenobarbiton and SKF 525-A

U radu je ispitivana akutna toksičnost insekticida karbarila i propoksura u miševa oba pola pri intraperitonealnom i supkutanom unošenju. Istovremeno praćen je uticaj fenobarbitona i SKF 525-A na akutnu intraperitonealnu toksičnost ovih insekticida. Fenobarbiton (60 mg/kg) je primjenjivan intraperitonelno na 24 časa pre karbarila i propoksura, a SKF 525-A (50 mg/kg), takođe intraperitonealno, na jedan sat pre primene karbarila i propoksura. Rezultati su pokazali da su i karbaril i propoksur toksičniji pri intraperitonealnoj nego pri supkutanoj primeni, kao i da su znatno toksičniji za mužjake nego za ženke. Isto tako, pokazalo se da fenobarbiton primenjen na 24 časa pre karbarila i propoksura smanjuje akutnu intraperitonealnu toksičnost oba ispitivana jedinjenja. Nasuprot fenobarbitonu, SKF 525-A primenjen na jedan sat pre karbarila i propoksura povećava njihovu akutnu intraperitonealnu toksičnost.Acute toxicity of the insecticides carbaryl and propoxur was examined in mice of both sexes by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration. The effect of phenobarbiton and SKF 525-A on intraperitoneal toxicity of these insecticides was also studied. Phenobarbiton (60 µg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 24 hours before carbaryl or propoxur, and SKF 525-A (50 µg/kg) was also given intraperitoneally one hour before carbaryl or propoxur. The results showed a higher toxicity of carbaryl and propoxur after intraperitoneal than after subcutaneous administration, as well as a considerably higher toxicity in male than in female mice. It was also established that phenobarbiton administered 24 hours before carbaryl and propoxur decreases the acute intraperitoneal toxicity of both examined compounds, while SKF 525-A given one hour before carbaryl and propoxur increases their acute intraperitoneal toxicity

Ecological and distributional donsideration of the bryophyte vegetation of urban areas: Case study on belgrade bryophytes

An ecological and distributional approach of the urban bryoflora of the city of Belgrade has been made. Many different parameters and indices have been analyzed with aim to infer the significance and get better idea on the bryophytes within the urban areas. Mosses significantly dominate over liverwort species in urban conditions, and the most common life forms are turfs and rough mats. Small spores (less than 20μm) are abundant if sex reproduction is present among mosses. Urban environment conditions decrease sex and increase vegetative reproductive effort by producing many kind of vegetative propagules in the most of the species recorded. As expected, due to geographical position and climate, dominant distribution types within urban bryophyte flora of Belgrade is temperate

Functional enzymes activity and gill histology of carp after copper sulfate exposure and recovery

Copper sulfate is one of the most widely used algicides for the control of phytoplankton in lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. It is also used for aquatic weed control. To study the toxic effects of copper on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), toxicity tests were carried out. Fish recovery in copper-free water was followed. After a 14-day period of exposure to five concentrations of copper sulfate (0.25-4.0 mg/L CUSO4, values ranging from approximately 5 to 70% of the 96-h LC-50) and a recovery period of the same duration, activities of the functional enzymes alkaline phosphatase (AP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the blood serum and gills were determined. Because the gills are the known target organ for copper, changes in gill structure were investigated as well. In all exposure groups for all the enzymes studied, an increase in activity was noted after 14 days. The increase in AP activity was the most pronounced in both gills and serum of carp exposed to the highest concentration tested (4 mg/L). After a "recovery" period, compared with the end of treatment, a decrease in enzyme activities was recorded, indicating eventual recovery from the Cu-induced stress (the only exception being the ALT activity in gills in the highest CuSO4 concentration). The results of biochemical analysis were confirmed by histopathology. Lesions such as epithelial hyperplasia, curling of secondary lamellae, and changes in chloride cells were observed on the gills, and their severity increased with increased toxicant concentration. Most of the changes were reversible, as exhibited by gill histopathology after the recovery period

Anthropogenic sources of uranium in serbia-risk assessment on environment and human health

The continual process of increased industrialization, militarization, and urbanization are among the most powerful sources of environmental degradation all over the world. Environmental contamination caused by radionuclides, in particular, by uranium and its decay products, is a serious problem worldwide and has become the common subject for further scientist investigations. It is estimated that the technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) caused by nuclear and non-nuclear technologies, significantly increased natural radioactivity in the last 30 years. The development of nuclear science and technology, uranium mining, production and application of phosphoric fertilizer, the coal industry (mining and combustion), the oil and gas production, metal mining and smelting, mineral processing and building industry are generating radioactive waste that increased natural radioactive level on a regional scale. Economic sanctions for Serbia in the last decade of the 20th century, as well as the transition of its entire economy (which is still ongoing process), the NATO conflict in 1999, and absence of legislation and institutions, are all additional reasons for radioactive contamination of the regional ecosystem of Serbia. Also, one of the main contributing factor of environmental contamination by uranium in Serbia involved the cheap, imported phosphate fertilizers that were often of quality poor and radiological unsafe. This outcome was a direct consequence of the reduced capacity in Serbian national production. On the other hand, according to the available data, many states were documented with bombing sites; 112 sites in Kosovo and Metohija, 12 locations in southern Serbia with depleted uranium (DU) ammunition, during the NATO aggression of Yugoslavia. On this occasion around 10 tons of DU was introduced into environment. The degree of contamination ranges from the bottom limit of 200 Bq/kg to 235,000 Bq/kg in the soil samples of mainly agricultural land, or 1,000 times above the tolerable level. Within the international mission, UNEP and FOCUS and by the engagement of national experts, the decontamination of endangered sites with depleted uranium has only been partially carried out. Today, unfortunately, we encounter an "invisible threat" of depleted uranium ammunition use, with highly radioactive and chemo toxic effect on human health, causing in the last 12 years an enormous increase in cancer rates and a number of newborns with genetic changes. This paper reviews some relevant aspects of environmental contamination with uranium, and gives an overview of the different remediation processes available. This study reviews some relevant aspects of environmental contamination with anthropogenic uranium, primarily from the application of phosphate fertilizers and the use of ammunition with depleted uranium. Our study will include a special accent on Serbia's area concerning the uranium uptake and how it behaves in the food chain and will explore how these indicators impact human health