A Study on Dispensing Pattern of OTC (Over the Counter) Medication among Community Pharmacist in Kalaburagi City

Purpose: Over the counter drugs (OTC) are sold without the prescription of a registered medical practitioner. There are reports that OTC drug market in India is on the rise. This is attributed to the rising cost of healthcare, difficulty in accessing healthcare, and an alarming tendency to self-manage symptoms. The outcome of this is OTC related adverse effects, abuse and hospitalizations. Subjects and Methods: The primary objective was to assess the knowledge of drug dispensing pattern of community pharmacists. The secondary objective was to assess the knowledge regarding drug related problems of over the counter medication. The tertiary objective was to find out whether the pharmacists involving in counselling activities. A community based, observational study was conducted among community pharmacist in Kalaburagi city, to find out knowledge on dispensing pattern of OTC medication. All the community pharmacist participated in the study were provided with a data collection form including self -structured questionnaires. One week after pre-test all the community pharmacist were educated regarding OTC drugs by means of providing information leaflets about OTC drugs. Post-test has been taken after 15 days of education by means of same questionnaires. Data were entered into Excel and analyzed using SPSS software. Pre and post intervention data were compared using student’s t-test. Results: Among 110 pharmacist, males 98 (89.1%) were more compared to females 12(10.9%). The mean knowledge scores on drug dispensing pattern of community pharmacist in pre-test were 57.0% and post test is 87.6%. Conclusions: Among 110 pharmacist, males 98 (89.1%) were more compared to females 12(10.9%). The mean knowledge scores on drug dispensing pattern of community pharmacist in pre-test were 57.0% and post test is 87.6%

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and associated habits in Kashmir, India

Background: A large number of factors may influence the conditions of oral-mucosa and regulate its thresholds against reactions to external irritations and insults. External damage to the tissues may be caused by infections and or other chemical, thermal and mechanical means or there may be some genetic factors involved. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of different oral habits and habit related oral lesions among the study population in Kashmir, India.Methods: The final study sample comprised of 7000 patients visiting 2 Government Hospitals in Srinagar and Pulwama district, Kashmir, India. All the selected subjects were examined for any oral mucosal lesions. The diagnosis of the lesion was made based on history, clinical features, according to standard guidelines and color atlas.Results: Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was found to be 8%. Smoker’s palate was the most frequently found oral lesion comprising of 33.89% followed by oral lichen planus and leukoplakia (13.55% each). Other lesions included chemical burns, erythroplakia, OSMF and lichenoid reactions. Subjects were indulged into various habits; the most prevalent being the cigarette smoking (56.46%), followed by hukka and bidi smoking and smokeless tobacco.Conclusions: The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was 8% among the study sample. Subjects were associated with various deleterious habits which were found more in males than females. This study helps in public awareness about the ill effects of oral habits and may motivate them in overcoming their indulgence.

Work Stress of Teachers from Government Girls’ Secondary Schools Karachi

Teacher is a well-known profession all over the world. But now a days crisis of quality education can be prominently seen. Among elements effecting teachers’ productivity “Stress” is one of the core elements raising poor productivity by the teachers. Stress is expanding due to various issues. Although, stress is not always playing a negative role in person’s productivity, as at some levels stress tends to accelerate focus of a person, which makes the productivity better. But unfortunately, in secondary school teachers are confronting some common stress generating elements all over Karachi. Those elements are not impacting their professional life positively. The purpose of this study is to determine the common stress generating elements and their impacts on teachers’ productivity. Going through both qualitative by teachers interview and on the bases of interviews developed lickert scale closed ended questionnaire, distributed to 50 male and female teachers, among which 45 teachers responded. Data was analyzed by SPSS. According to the results there is a need of betterment of some policies on management grounds in order to overcome the stress generating elements. Keywords: Secondary school teachers, stress level, stressors. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/9-6-01 Publication date:March 31st 201

Maternal dental anxiety as a risk factor for dental caries in children: a cross-sectional study

Background: The prevalence of dental caries among children is quite enormous; parental dental anxiety being one of the factors for this burden of disease. Environment of the family has a significant bearing on children’s oral health. Mothers who have a fear of dental treatment delay or avoid their children’s timely and appropriate treatment of oral health problems which ultimately lead to poor oral health among children; dental caries being the most common one. Aim: To assess the association of dental anxiety among mothers with the dental caries among their children.Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire based study was carried out at various private dental clinics in Kashmir, India. 200 mother-child pairs were selected for the study. To assess the dental anxiety level of mothers, Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) {Urdu version} was used. Dental caries (DMFT/dmft) of their children was recorded using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.Results: The caries experience (mean dmft/DMFT of children with highly anxious mothers was higher than those with less anxious and non-anxious mothers. The children whose mothers were ‘extremely anxious’ (phobic) had the highest mean dmft/DMFT (4.06±1.99) while the mean DMFT was least (1.03±2.01) among those children whose mothers were non-anxious. The difference was found to be statistically significant (p <0.05).Conclusions: It was concluded that occurrence of dental caries was more in children of highly anxious mother’s and hence there exists the association between the mother’s dental anxiety and their children’s dental caries prevalence

Problem Faced by Under Training Teachers and Their Solutions in Govt. Universities of Karachi

The current problems faced by under training teachers in government universities of Karachi has been investigated in this study. The study lies under the category of quantitative method as the quantitative data has been presented in a form of figures leading to some facts which has assisted the research to get precise results. The pattern of the article follows four major divisions. These divisions can be classified in a way that first division comprises of first two parts, i.e. introduction and significance of the study. Second division also comprises of two parts, i.e. the Hypothesizes and objectives of the study. Third division is the definition of some terms with respect to the study. Fourth division comprises of the methodology that has been applied through out the research. Then the fifth and final division is about the discussion and the last part comprises of conclusion from this study. Questionnaire has been used as the data collecting instrument. Considered population was the student teachers enrolled in different courses in government universities of Karachi. For statistical analysis of the data SPSS has been used to get more accurate findings. With respect to the findings, the conclusion has been made that teachers’ education department in government universities of Karachi are in a strong need of rapid changes, which can help to enhance the quality of training quality by overcoming the current issues. Keywords: Training Teachers, Pakistan, Govt. Universities DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/9-5-07 Publication date:May 31st 201

Reactions of Rhenium and Manganese Carbonyl Complexes with 1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino)naphthalene: Ligand Chelation, C–H and C–P bond-cleavage Reactions

Reaction of [Re2(CO)8(MeCN)2] with 1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino)naphthalene (dppn) afforded three mono-rhenium complexes fac-[Re(CO)3(κ1:η1-PPh2C10H6)(PPh2H)] (1), fac-[Re(CO)3{κ1:κ1:η1-(O)PPh2C10H6(O)PPh(C6H4)}] (2) and fac-[ReCl(CO)3(κ2-PPh2C10H6PPh2)] (3). Compounds 1–3 are formed by Re–Re bond cleavage and P–C and C–H bond activation of the dppn ligand. Each of these three complexes have three CO groups arranged in facial fashion. Compound 1 contains a chelating cyclometalated diphenylnaphthylphosphine ligand and a terminally coordinated PPh2H ligand. Compound 2 consists of an orthometalated dppn-dioxide ligand coordinated in a κ1:κ1:η1-fashion via both the oxygen atoms and ortho-carbon atom of one of the phenyl rings. Compound 3 consists of an unchanged chelating dppn ligand and a terminal Cl ligand. Treatment of [Mn2(CO)8(MeCN)2] with a slight excess of dppn in refluxing toluene at 72 °C, gave the previously reported [Mn2(CO)8(μ-PPh2)2] (4), formed by cleavage of C–P bonds, and the new compound fac-[MnCl(CO)3(κ2-PPh2C10H6PPh2)] (5), which has an unaltered chelating dppn and a terminal Cl ligand. In sharp contrast, reaction of [Mn2(CO)8(MeCN)2] with slight excess of dppn at room temperature yielded the dimanganese [Mn2(CO)9{κ1-PPh2(C10H7)}] (6) in which the diphenylnaphthylphosphine ligand, formed by facile cleavage of one of the P–C bonds, is axially coordinated to one Mn atom. Compound 6 was also obtained from the reaction of [Mn2(CO)9(MeCN)] with dppn at room temperature. The XRD structures of complexes 1–3, 5, 6 are reported