Effect of Supplementation of Different Concentrate Rations on Weight Gain, Milk Yield, and Composition of Cross Bred Buffalo Cows

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three concentrate supplements with different metabolizable energy (ME) levels on weight gain, milk yield and composition in milking buffalos. Sixteen Murrah × non-descriptive crossed bred milking cows (720±50kg) were used. Animals in treatment 1 (T1) were fed only with forages while animals in other three treatments were given 90% forages +10 % concentrate. The three treatments were Commercial concentrate feed (T2) (ME (Kcal/kg): 2500 ±0.75), farm made concentrate feed (T3) (ME (Kcal/kg): 2733.25±2.32) and experimental feed (T4) (ME (Kcal/kg): 2933.03±2.15). Experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments and four replicates. Forage intake was reduced, when feeding concentrate rations with high energy and CP, recording highest reduction with T4 followed by T3 and T2. Significant enhancement (P0.05) and also highest values of weight gain, milk yield, fat, protein, and solid non-fat were observed with T4. Conclusion can be drawn that, higher milk yield with better composition could be obtained by feeding high energy rations formulated with low cost, locally available ingredients

Localization of conductivity towards scalable and sustainable wearable electronics

Localized conductivity on fabrics is envisioned to make a shift in sustainable wearable electronics. Among the wearable electronics, localized conductivity has not been widely reported yet. Hence, we report a simple way to localize conductivity on polyester fabrics using reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO). Coupling agent, (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) was used to change the chemically dormant nature of polyester fabrics, which made easy networking with GO. Then, the GO coating was substantially reduced to rGO, accomplishing conductive tracks on fabrics. rGO coated fabric showed a surface resistivity of 320 Ω/□. Even after 20 washing cycles, a significant change in surface resistivity was not observed which signifies a good wash fastness. APTES created a covalent bond network between rGO and polyester, which was proven by FTIR. This cost effective and sustainable method endows the electronic textile industry with a rapid improvement towards scalable production

Charge Transport in the Dense Two-Dimensional Coulomb Gas

The dynamics of a globally neutral system of diffusing Coulomb charges in two dimensions, driven by an applied electric field, is studied in a wide temperature range around the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. I argue that the commonly accepted ``free particle drift'' mechanism of charge transport in this system is limited to relatively low particle densities. For higher densities, I propose a modified picture involving collective ``partner transfer'' between bound pairs. The new picture provides a natural explanation for recent experimental and numerical findings which deviate from standard theory. It also clarifies the origin of dynamical scaling in this context.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX, 2 eps figures included; some typos corrected, final version to be published in Phys. Rev. Let

Renormalization Group Study of the Intrinsic Finite Size Effect in 2D Superconductors

Vortices in a thin-film superconductor interact logarithmically out to a distance on the order of the two-dimensional (2D) magnetic penetration depth $\lambda_\perp$, at which point the interaction approaches a constant. Thus, because of the finite $\lambda_\perp$, the system exhibits what amounts to an {\it intrinsic} finite size effect. It is not described by the 2D Coulomb gas but rather by the 2D Yukawa gas (2DYG). To study the critical behavior of the 2DYG, we map the 2DYG to the massive sine-Gordon model and then perform a renormalization group study to derive the recursion relations and to verify that $\lambda_\perp$ is a relevant parameter. We solve the recursion relations to study important physical quantities for this system including the renormalized stiffness constant and the correlation length. We also address the effect of current on this system to explain why finite size effects are not more prevalent in experiments given that the 2D magnetic penetration depth is a relevant parameter.Comment: 8 pages inRevTex, 5 embedded EPS figure

Dynamic Scaling and Two-Dimensional High-Tc Superconductors

There has been ongoing debate over the critical behavior of two-dimensional superconductors; in particular for high Tc superconductors. The conventional view is that a Kosterlitz-Thouless-Berezinskii transition occurs as long as finite size effects do not obscure the transition. However, there have been recent suggestions that a different transition actually occurs which incorporates aspects of both the dynamic scaling theory of Fisher, Fisher, and Huse and the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Berezinskii transition. Of general interest is that this modified transition apparently has a universal dynamic critical exponent. Some have countered that this apparent universal behavior is rooted in a newly proposed finite-size scaling theory; one that also incorporates scaling and conventional two-dimensional theory. To investigate these issues we study DC voltage versus current data of a 12 angstrom thick YBCO film. We find that the newly proposed scaling theories have intrinsic flexibility that is relevant to the analysis of the experiments. In particular, the data scale according to the modified transition for arbitrarily defined critical temperatures between 0 K and 19.5 K, and the temperature range of a successful scaling collapse is related directly to the sensitivity of the measurement. This implies that the apparent universal exponent is due to the intrinsic flexibility rather than some real physical property. To address this intrinsic flexibility, we propose a criterion which would give conclusive evidence for phase transitions in two-dimensional superconductors. We conclude by reviewing results to see if our criterion is satisfied.Comment: 14 page

Dynamic scaling for 2D superconductors, Josephson junction arrays and superfluids

The value of the dynamic critical exponent $z$ is studied for two-dimensional superconducting, superfluid, and Josephson Junction array systems in zero magnetic field via the Fisher-Fisher-Huse dynamic scaling. We find $z\simeq5.6\pm0.3$, a relatively large value indicative of non-diffusive dynamics. Universality of the scaling function is tested and confirmed for the thinnest samples. We discuss the validity of the dynamic scaling analysis as well as the previous studies of the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Berezinskii transition in these systems, the results of which seem to be consistent with simple diffusion ($z=2$). Further studies are discussed and encouraged.Comment: 19 pages in two-column RevTex, 8 embedded EPS figure

Prolonged Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion Is Superior to Cold Nonoxygenated and Oxygenated Machine Perfusion for the Preservation of DCD Porcine Kidney Grafts

The increased usage of marginal grafts has triggered interest in perfused kidney preservation to minimize graft injury. We used a donation after circulatory death (DCD) porcine kidney autotransplantation model to compare 3 of the most frequently used ex vivo kidney perfusion techniques: nonoxygenated hypothermic machine perfusion (non-oxHMP), oxygenated hypothermic machine perfusion (oxHMP), and normothermic ex vivo kidney perfusion (NEVKP). Methods: Following 30 min of warm ischemia, grafts were retrieved and preserved with either 16 h of non-oxHMP, oxHMP, or NEVKP (n = 5 per group). After contralateral nephrectomy, grafts were autotransplanted and animals were followed for 8 d. Kidney function and injury markers were compared between groups. Results: NEVKP demonstrated a significant reduction in preservation injury compared with either cold preservation method. Grafts preserved by NEVKP showed superior function with lower peak serum creatinine (NEVKP versus non-oxHMP versus oxHMP: 3.66 ± 1.33 mg/dL, 8.82 ± 3.17 mg/dL, and 9.02 ± 5.5 mg/dL) and more rapid recovery. The NEVKP group demonstrated significantly increased creatinine clearance on postoperative day 3 compared with the cold perfused groups. Tubular injury scores on postoperative day 8 were similar in all groups. Conclusions: Addition of oxygen during HMP did not reduce preservation injury of DCD kidney grafts. Grafts preserved with prolonged NEVKP demonstrated superior initial graft function compared with grafts preserved with non-oxHMP or oxHMP in a model of pig DCD kidney transplantation

Kosterlitz-Thouless vortex-scaling equations with nonzero current drives

The Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) scaling procedure for the two-dimensional planar spin model is generalized to include an x-axis-applied current density I. Scaling equations for vortex coupling Kl and vortex pair fugacity yl at a general minimum scale a≡el are derived, with current density acting as a y-axis "topological electric field" El on the ±1 vortex "topological charges." A vortex-unbinding onset scale l=lc is defined by Elc=Klc, where the current-driven repulsion of the ±1 vortex pairs begins to exceed their attraction. The nonlinear resistance R(T¯,I¯)=2πRlc is related to the finite-scale phase-slip resistance Rl that has a minimum at l=lc. Above transition, the zero-current resistance R(T¯,I¯=0) shows KT-like exponential inverse square-root temperature dependence, and is a universal function of dimensionless temperature T¯. The current-voltage exponent α(T¯,I¯) curves (where V~I1+α) are universal in T¯ and I¯≡ħI/(2ekBT). Below transition, the α curves are weakly dependent on I¯, with α(T¯,I¯) close to ΠK∞(T¯). Above transition, non-Ohmic behavior α(T¯,I¯)≠0 is predicted for strong current

A framework to enhance email based business processes

Despite the consensus that email is an important tool to handle a business process(BP), this prevailing tool poorly supports the tasks it needs to accomplish in a BP. A collection of interrelated business activities which solve a particular issue is commonly known as a BP. The performance of BP is vital for the growth and development of a business. The ineffective performance of BP is a major, yet avoidable, obstacle to the business productivity. Diverse technologies bear weight in enhancing the performance of BP. The technology involved in BP plays a dominant role in BP streamlining. Over the last decade, email has been embraced, not only by the organizations of every shape and form, but also by individuals as a very popular communication technology. The ubiquitous and simple nature of email makes it a suitable candidate to be used as a technology to support BP related communication However, email poorly supports the task of handling BPes, due to its ad-hoc and heavi y distributed nature. In addition, the primary messaging metaphor of most email clients is not optimized for the activities of a BP. But they only address the problem of anaging the volume of email. Therefore this paper provides a solution to enhance the use of email for performing BP related activities efficiently and effectively, without changing email's fundamental technical infrastructure. The proposed solution is expected to achieve its objectives by means of a cognitive approach reducing huma intervention to the BP. In the proposed framework, when an email receives a BP activity, it is sent to the central server. The central server takes care of resolving the required next action based on the specified ordering of actions for that particular BP. Such a coordination via a central server, attempts to eliminate the ad-hoc and highly distributed nature of email that prevents it to be effectively used for BP related activities