VIM-2 beta-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Zagreb, Croatia

The aim of this investigation was to characterize metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Zagreb, Croatia. One hundred P. aeruginosa isolates with reduced susceptibility to either imipenem or meropenem were tested for the production of MBLs by MBL-Etest. The susceptibility to a wide range of antibiotics was determined by broth microdilution method. The presence of bla(MBL) genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hydrolysis of 0.1 mM imipenem by crude enzyme preparations of beta-lactamases was monitored by UV spectrophotometer. Outer membrane proteins were prepared and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Six out of 100 isolates were positive for MBLs by Etest. All strains were resistant to gentamicin, ceftazidime and cefotaxime, and all except 1 were resistant to imipenem. Six strains positive for MBLs by Etest were identified as VIM MBL-producers by PCR. Sequencing of bla(VIM) genes revealed the production of VIM-2 beta-lactamase in all 6 strains. This investigation proved the occurrence of VIM-2 beta-lactamase among P. aeruginosa strains from Zagreb, Croatia. VIM-2 beta-lactamase with similar properties has previously been described in another region of Croatia and in Italy, France, Spain, Greece, Taiwan and South Korea, suggesting that this type of enzyme is widespread in the Mediterranean region of Europe and in the Far East

Diversity of carbapenemases in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Croatia—the results of a multicentre study

AbstractSince the first carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain was isolated in 2008, Enterobacteriaceae with reduced susceptibility to one or more carbapenems have emerged sporadically in different geographical regions in Croatia. These observations gave rise to a multicenter study on carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae from Croatia. Fifty-seven carbapenem-non-susceptible strains of Enterobacteriaceae were collected during 2011–2012 from four large hospital centres in Croatia. Overall, 36 strains produced VIM-1 β-lactamase, three produced NDM-1, and one produced KPC-2. A high degree of clonal relatedness was observed in Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii strains, in contrast to K. pneumoniae strains. BlaVIM genes were located within class1 integron which contained genes encoding resistance to aminoglycosides (aacA4). The study found strong association between blaVIM and qnrB6 and between blaNDM and qnrA6 genes

Introduction: Dispersed Minorities and Non-Territorial Autonomy

The concept of non-territorial autonomy gives rise to at least two important questions: the range of functional areas over which autonomy extends, and the extent to which this autonomy is indeed non-territorial. A widely used early description significantly labelled this ‘national cultural autonomy’, implying that its focus is mainly on cultural matters, such as language, religion, education and family law. In many of the cases that are commonly cited, ‘autonomy’ may not even extend this far: its most visible expression is the existence of separate electoral registers or quotas for the various groups. Part of the dilemma lies in the difficulty of devolving substantial power on a non-territorial basis: to the extent that devolved institutions are state-like, they ideally require a defined territory. Ethnic groups, however, vary in the extent to which they are territorially concentrated, and therefore in the degree to which any autonomous arrangements for them are territorial or non-territorial. This article explores the dilemma generated by this tension between ethnic geography (pattern of ethnic settlement) and political autonomy (degree of selfrule), and introduces a set of case studies where the relationship between these two features is discussed further: the Ottoman empire and its successor states, the Habsburg monarchy, the Jewish minorities of Europe, interwar Estonia, contemporary Belgium, and two indigenous peoples, the Sa´mi in Norway and the Maori in New Zealand