Optimalisasi Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah dalam Rangka Meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Enrekang Sulawesi Selatan

Studi ini ini membahas tentang tentang Optimalisasi Pengelolaan Pajak Daerahdan Retribusi Daerah Dalam Rangka Peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Daerah KabupatenEnrekang Sulawesi Selatan. Tujuan studi ini adalah: (1) Untuk menganalisis besarnyapotensi PAD yang bersumber dari Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah di KabupatenEnrekang; (2) Untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab yang menjadi kendala sehinggaPengelolaan Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah belum optimal dalam meningkatkanPendapatan Asli Daerah di Kabupaten Enrekang; dan (3) Untuk menyusun strategi yangdapat dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan pengelolaan Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerahguna dapat meningkatkan penerimaan PAD di Kabupaten Enrekang.Hasil Studi menujukkan bahwa pengelolaan pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah diKabupaten Enrekang belum optimal. Upaya yang perlu dilakukan oleh pemerintahdaerah Kabupaten Enrekang dalam rangka meningkatkan pendapatan asli daerahsebagai berikut: memperluas basis penerimaan pajak dan retribusi daerah,peningkatan kapasitas pengelola pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah dan meningkatkanpengawasan pajak dan retribusi daerah

Karakteristik Penderita Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Rumah Sakit Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Periode Januari – Desember 2010

Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) atau Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) merupakan penyakit akibat infeksi virus Dengue yang masih menjadi problem kesehatan Masyarakat. Penyakit ini ditemukan nyaris diseluruh belahan dunia terutama di negara-negara tropik dan subtropik baik sebagai penyakit endemik maupun epidemik. Hasil studi epidemiologik menunjukan bahwa DBD terutama menyerang kelompok umur Balita sampai dengan umur sekitar 15 tahun serta tidak ditemukan perbedaan signifikan dalam hal kerentanan terhadap serangan dengue antara gender. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik Penderita demam berdarah dengue pada pasien rawat inap di Rumah Sakit Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar periode Januari-Desember 2010. Metode penelitian dengan pendekatan Deskriptif. Penarikan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode systematic random sampling. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 205 Responden. Kemudian data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil Penelitian ini Menunjukan bahwa Penderita demam berdarah dengue di Rumah Sakit Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar berdasarkan kelompok umur terbanyak adalah kelompok umur 19-49 tahun, jenis kelamin terbanyak adalah jenis kelamin laki-laki, jenis pekerjaan terbanyak adalah berprofesi sebagai pelajar/mahasiswa, tingkat pendidikan terbanyak adalah SMA, sedangkan waktu kejadian tertinggi penderita demam Berdarah dengue adalah pada bulan Maret. Disarankan mencegah terjadinya peningkatan kasus penderita demam berdarah dengue pada golongan umur anak-anak maupun dewasa maka perlu diadakan penyuluhan baik lingkungan keluarga maupun lingkungan sekolah/kampus mengenai upaya pencegahan penyakit demam berdarah dengue. Disamping itu juga Perlu memperkuat kegiatan-kegiatan yang mendukung kearah komunikasi, informasi, dan edukasi yang luas, jelas dan komplit tentang penyakit demam berdarah dengue sehingga masyarakat memiliki sikap positif terhadap masalah-masalah kesehatan khususnya penyakit demam berdarah dengue. Dan perlu adanya tindakan pencegahan penyakit demam berdarah dengue melalui peningkatan frekuensi penyuluhan kesehatan masyarakat mengenai 3M (menguras, menimbun, menutup) tempat-tempat yang dapat menampung air pada bulan-bulan dengan curah hujan dan tingkat kelembaban yang tinggi untuk mencegah perkembangbiakan nyamuk aedes aegypti

Identification of six potato virus Y isolates from Saudi Arabia

Six potato virus Y (PVY) were isolated from 20 potato plants (Solanum tuberosum sp. tuberosum L.) from the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia showing leaf systemic symptoms (necrotic spots and mild mosaicism). 16 virus-infected plants gave positive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results with PVY commercial antiserum. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of rod-shaped particles (300 × 17 nm). Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated the 34 kDa viral coat protein and agarose gel of the immunocapture reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) products indicated the 800 bp cp gene. The sequences were aligned together, narrowed to six (one PVY-N and five PVY-O isolates) and then aligned with all published worldwide PVY cp sequences. The highest similarity index among the six isolates was shown between PVY-saudi-O1 and PVY-saudi-O4 (99.9%), while the least involved PVY-saudi-N and PVY-saudi-O3 (99.1%). The phylogenetic analysis of the cp gene nucleotide sequence revealed a cluster of PVY-saudi-N and the Egyptian strain GU980964. The results indicate the need for more sensitive detection of the virus in the imported seeds or tubers from countries, especially in the Middle East like Egypt, to avoid high threat to the Saudi potato trade.Key words: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), coat protein (CP), sequence alignment, similarity index

Reduction in jejunal fluid absorption in vivo through distension and cholinergic stimulation not attributable to enterocyte secretion

Jejunal fluid absorption in vivo was reduced by distension and by hydrostatic pressure and further declined on adding E. coli STa enterotoxin but no net fluid secretion was detected. Luminal atropine reduced pressure mediated reductions in fluid absorption to normal values but intravenous hexamethonium was without effect. A neural component to inhibition of absorption by pressure (though not stretch) may be mediated by axon reflexes within cholinergic neurons.Perfusion of cholinergic compounds also reduced net fluid absorption but did not cause secretion. In order to show that these actions were not secretory processes stimulated by cholinergic compounds that offset normal rates of absorption, these compounds were tested for their ability to cause net secretion in loops that were perfused with solutions in which choline substituted for sodium ion. In addition, these perfusates additionally contained E. coli STa enterotoxin or EIPA (ethyl-isopropyl-amiloride) to minimize absorption.In these circumstances, where it might be expected to do so if it were acting through a secretory rather than an absorptive mechanism, carbachol did not cause net fluid secretion. Cholinergic stimulation and pressure induced distension are thought to reduce net fluid absorption through inducing secretion but are found only to reduce fluid absorption.In conclusion, distension and cholinergic stimulation of the small intestine are two further circumstances in which fluid secretion is assumed to explain their action on fluid movement, as required by the enterocyte secretion model of secretion but, which like STa enterotoxin, instead are only able to reduce fluid absorption. This casts further doubt on the widespread validity of the enterocyte secretion model for fluid appearance in the lumen in diarrhoeal diseases

The effects of different nitrogen doses on yield, quality and leaf nitrogen content of some early grape cultivars (V. vinifera L.) grown in greenhouse

Nitrogen deficiency is a worldwide problem, causing restrictions in productivity of many horticultural produces. Particularly, the issue is compounded when the greenhouse production is employed. Therefore, reliable knowledge on proper application of nitrogen ensures not only satisfactory yield but also balanced vegetative and reproductive growth in plants. This study was thus conducted to investigate the effects of different nitrogen doses (10, 20 and 30 kg N da-1) on some quality properties with petiole nitrogen content of grape cultivars ‘Early Cardinal’ (EC), ‘Yalova Incisi’ (YI) and ‘Ergin Cekirdeksizi’ (ER) grown in plastic greenhouse for two years. Overall results indicated that cluster weight, cluster length and yield values increased depending on the nitrogen doses. On the other hand, increasing nitrogen applications generally resulted in higher petiole nitrogen content. The highest petiole nitrogen values were obtained from the treatment of 30 kg N da-1 for two phenologycal periods (1.29 and 1.59% for full bloom and veraison, respectively). Considering the general investigations, 20 kg N da-1 application could be recommended in terms of nitrogen supply under such conditions.Key words: Grapevine, nitrogen fertilizing, yield, petiole analysis

Physiology, Breast Milk

The production of breast milk initiates in larger amounts between 2 and 4 days after the birth of the baby and the breastmilk is said to have 'come in'. It is the sole best source of nutrition for an infant, providing an adequate amount of nutrients, growth factors, and antibodies required for the nourishment of the baby. Breast milk should be exclusively used for nutrition until 6 months of age after which breastmilk should be used in addition to complementary foods for at least 12 months of age. [1

Morphological and biochemical variations in Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. from mountains of Pakistan

Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. (Elaeagnacea) is a native multipurpose plant from Himalayan regions of Pakistan. Its flowers and fruit are rich in vitamins, flavonoides, essential oil, lycopene and other bioactive compounds. Five populations of Elaeagnus umbellata from variable microenvironments of District Poonch were compared in terms of morphology and biochemistry using conventional and biochemical techniques. In spite of significant variability in morphological characteristics and vitamin C, seed oil and leaf chlorophyll content, Elaeagnus umbellata has great potential as a raw material for pharmaceutical industries, soil stabilization, reclamation, and for economic activities to the disadvantageous communities of the mountainous regions of Pakistan

Complete Sequences of Organelle Genomes from the Medicinal Plant Rhazya Stricta (Apocynaceae) and Contrasting Patterns of Mitochondrial Genome Evolution Across Asterids

Rhazya stricta is native to arid regions in South Asia and the Middle East and is used extensively in folk medicine to treat a wide range of diseases. In addition to generating genomic resources for this medicinally important plant, analyses of the complete plastid and mitochondrial genomes and a nuclear transcriptome from Rhazya provide insights into inter-compartmental transfers between genomes and the patterns of evolution among eight asterid mitochondrial genomes. Results: The 154,841 bp plastid genome is highly conserved with gene content and order identical to the ancestral organization of angiosperms. The 548,608 bp mitochondrial genome exhibits a number of phenomena including the presence of recombinogenic repeats that generate a multipartite organization, transferred DNA from the plastid and nuclear genomes, and bidirectional DNA transfers between the mitochondrion and the nucleus. The mitochondrial genes sdh3 and rps14 have been transferred to the nucleus and have acquired targeting presequences. In the case of rps14, two copies are present in the nucleus; only one has a mitochondrial targeting presequence and may be functional. Phylogenetic analyses of both nuclear and mitochondrial copies of rps14 across angiosperms suggests Rhazya has experienced a single transfer of this gene to the nucleus, followed by a duplication event. Furthermore, the phylogenetic distribution of gene losses and the high level of sequence divergence in targeting presequences suggest multiple, independent transfers of both sdh3 and rps14 across asterids. Comparative analyses of mitochondrial genomes of eight sequenced asterids indicates a complicated evolutionary history in this large angiosperm clade with considerable diversity in genome organization and size, repeat, gene and intron content, and amount of foreign DNA from the plastid and nuclear genomes. Conclusions: Organelle genomes of Rhazya stricta provide valuable information for improving the understanding of mitochondrial genome evolution among angiosperms. The genomic data have enabled a rigorous examination of the gene transfer events. Rhazya is unique among the eight sequenced asterids in the types of events that have shaped the evolution of its mitochondrial genome. Furthermore, the organelle genomes of R. stricta provide valuable genomic resources for utilizing this important medicinal plant in biotechnology applications.King Abdulaziz UniversityIntegrative Biolog