Calcium:Magnesium Ratio in Local Groundwater and Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction among Males in Rural Finland

Several epidemiologic studies have shown an association between calcium and magnesium and coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity. In this small-area study, we examined the relationship between acute myocardial infarction (AMI) risk and content of Ca, Mg, and chromium in local groundwater in Finnish rural areas using Bayesian modeling and geospatial data aggregated into 10 km × 10 km grid cells. Data on 14,495 men 35–74 years of age with their first AMI in the years 1983, 1988, or 1993 were pooled. Geochemical data consisted of 4,300 measurements of each element in local groundwater. The median concentrations of Mg, Ca, and Cr and the Ca:Mg ratio in well water were 2.61 mg/L, 12.23 mg/L, 0.27 μg/L, and 5.39, respectively. Each 1 mg/L increment in Mg level decreased the AMI risk by 4.9%, whereas a one unit increment in the Ca:Mg ratio increased the risk by 3.1%. Ca and Cr did not show any statistically significant effect on the incidence and spatial variation of AMI. Results of this study with specific Bayesian statistical analysis support earlier findings of a protective role of Mg and low Ca:Mg ratio against coronary heart disease but do not support the earlier hypothesis of a protective role of Ca

Resting electrocardiographic abnormalities as predictors of coronary events and total mortality among elderly men

El trabajo tiene como propósito comprender el despliegue de la expresión “pedagogía” en el escenario de la educación inclusiva, a través de la exploración de su saber disciplinar y su relativa autonomía como práctica socio - cultural. Los estudios referidos a la educación inclusiva, suman cada vez más, resultados que impactan globalmente la transformación del concepto de educación basado en la atención a la diversidad, como factor de innovación social. Esta reflexión expone una tarea pendiente de indagar un marco de referencia crítico y discursivo de la pedagogía que le es propio, como lo es, la reinterpretación de los sentidos segregados de la formación humana, en la esfera de pensar qué significa la inclusión para la transformación social en la educación. The inquiry of pedagogy in the context of the inclusive educationAbstractThis paper aims to understand of the term “pedagogy” in detail in the context of inclusive education through the reconnaissance of the disciplinary knowledge and its relative autonomy as a socio-cultural practice. The studies concerning inclusive education increasingly add results that globally influence the transformation of the concept of education based on the attention to diversity, as a factor of social innovation. This reflection exposes a pending task of researching a critical and discursive framework proper of pedagogy, as it is the reinterpretation of the segregated senses in human education at the level of pondering about what inclusion means in the social transformation in education

Socio-economic conditions in childhood and mortality and morbidity caused by coronary heart disease in adulthood in rural Finland

In this study, the hypothesis that bad socio-economic conditions in childhood may increase the probability of coronary heart disease in adulthood is examined. The study is based partly on the data of the East-West Study in Finland, which is part of the Seven Countries Study. The study began with 823 men in Eastern Finland and 888 men in Western Finland in 1959. The mortality and morbidity of the cohorts were followed from 1959 to 1974. Risk factors were measured in medical examinations in 1959, 1964, 1969 and 1974. Parents of those included in the sample were traced by using parish registers from 1900 to 1919. Over 90% of those in the East-West Study were found. The parents' socio-economic position (socio-economic conditions in childhood) was determined. According to our findings, the relative risks of coronary death, myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease are systematically increased for those born landless in East Finland. Variables partly explaining the increased risk were body height and smoking. The effect of cholesterol was negligible.