Modulational instability in dispersion-kicked optical fibers

We study, both theoretically and experimentally, modulational instability in optical fibers that have a longitudinal evolution of their dispersion in the form of a Dirac delta comb. By means of Floquet theory, we obtain an exact expression for the position of the gain bands, and we provide simple analytical estimates of the gain and of the bandwidths of those sidebands. An experimental validation of those results has been realized in several microstructured fibers specifically manufactured for that purpose. The dispersion landscape of those fibers is a comb of Gaussian pulses having widths much shorter than the period, which therefore approximate the ideal Dirac comb. Experimental spontaneous MI spectra recorded under quasi continuous wave excitation are in good agreement with the theory and with numerical simulations based on the generalized nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation

Heteroclinic structure of parametric resonance in the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation

We show that the nonlinear stage of modulational instability induced by parametric driving in the {\em defocusing} nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation can be accurately described by combining mode truncation and averaging methods, valid in the strong driving regime. The resulting integrable oscillator reveals a complex hidden heteroclinic structure of the instability. A remarkable consequence, validated by the numerical integration of the original model, is the existence of breather solutions separating different Fermi-Pasta-Ulam recurrent regimes. Our theory also shows that optimal parametric amplification unexpectedly occurs outside the bandwidth of the resonance (or Arnold tongues) arising from the linearised Floquet analysis

Dynamic scan chains : a novel architecture to lower the cost of VLSI test

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-64).Fast developments in semiconductor industry have led to smaller and cheaper integrated circuit (IC) components. As the designs become larger and more complex, larger amount of test data is required to test them. This results in longer test application times, therefore, increasing cost of testing each chip. This thesis describes an architecture, named Dynamic Scan, that allows to reduce this cost by reducing the test data volume and, consequently, test application time. The Dynamic Scan architecture partitions the scan chains of the IC design into several segments by a set of multiplexers. The multiplexers allow bypassing or including a particular segment during the test application on the automatic test equipment. The optimality criteria for partitioning scan chains into segments, as well as a partitioning algorithm based on this criteria are also introduced. According to our experimental results Dynamic Scan provides almost a factor of five reduction in test data volume and test application time. More theoretical results reach as much as ten times the reductions compared to the classical scan methodologies.by Nodari S. Sitchinava.M.Eng

Historia de la devastación del Bosque de Araucaria en el sur del Brasil

This article aims to discuss the causes and consequences of the devastation of Araucaria Forest during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Araucaria Forest is currently one of the most endangered forest formations of the Atlantic Forest biome. The dominant tree species is the Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, also called Brazilian pine or Parana pine. In the past the Araucaria forest covered an area of about 200,000 km2, distributed in the states of Parana, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul - with continuities in the province of Misiones, Argentina - as well as some smaller areas in southern São Paulo and Serra da Mantiqueira and isolated points of the state of Minas Gerais. Currently the remains are about 2% to 5% of its original area in Brazil, of which only 0.7% can be considered as primary forests. The sources used for this research were the most diverse as newspaper articles, government reports, government census and forest yearbooks published by the Brazilian National Institute of Pine. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir las causas y consecuencias de la devastación del Bosque de Araucaria en el curso de los siglos XIX y XX. El Bosque de Araucaria es actualmente una de una de las formaciones forestales más amenazadas del bioma Mata Atlántica. La especie arbórea dominante es la Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, también llamada pino brasileño y pino del Paraná. En el pasado el Bosque de Araucaria cubrió una área alrededor de 200.000 km2, distribuidos por los Estados de Paraná, Santa Catarina y Río Grande del Sur - con continuidades en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina - además de algunas áreas más pequeñas en el sur de San Pablo y en Sierra Mantiqueira y puntos aislados de Minas Gerais. Actualmente tiene alrededor de 2% a 5% de su área original en Brasil, de los cuales sólo el 0,7% se puede considerar como los bosques vírgenes. Las fuentes utilizadas para la investigación fueron las más diversas como artículos en periódicos, informes gubernamentales, censo del gobierno y los anuarios forestales brasileños publicados por el Instituto Nacional del Pino

The strong and the hungry: Bias in capture methods for mountain hares (Lepus timidus).

Estimating density, age and sex structure of wild populations is a key objective in wildlife management. Live trapping is frequently used to collect data on populations of small and medium-sized mammals. Ideally, sampling mammal populations by live capturing of individuals provides a random and representative sample of the target population. Trapping data may, however, be biased. We used live-capture data from mountain hares Lepus timidus in Scotland to assess sampling bias between two different capture methods.Wecaptured hares using baited cage traps and long nets on five study areas in the Scottish Highlands. After controlling for the effects of body size, individuals caught in traps were lighter than individuals caught using long nets, suggesting that the body condition of hares differed between the capture methods. This tendency may reflect an increased risk-taking of individuals in poorer body condition and less aversion to entering traps in order to benefit from eating bait. Overall, we caught more adult hares than juveniles and more female hares than males. Our results show that estimates of density and population structure of mountain hares using livecapture data could be affected by the capture method used. We suggest that live-capture studies employ more than one capture method and test for heterogeneity in capture probability to minimise potential bias and achieve reliable estimates of population parameters

Caracterização e dinâmica de duas fases sucessionais em floresta secundária da mata atlântica.

Em Santa Catarina, foi observado aumento da cobertura florestal nas últimas décadas, o que vem construindo uma paisagem florestal retalhada por um grande mosaico de fragmentos de vários estádios sucessionais. Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o dinamismo do processo sucessional de dois diferentes estádios sucessionais. Em área florestal de 40 ha localizada no Município de São Pedro de Alcântara, SC, abandonada pelo uso agropecuário em meados de 1970, foram estabelecidas aleatoriamente parcelas permanentes (50 x 50 m), duas em estádio florestal secundário médio (SM) e quatro em estádio secundário avançado (SA). As avaliações anuais durante o período de 1994 a 2000 de todas as plantas arbóreas com DAP >5 cm revelaram que no SM os valores da densidade de plantas, residentes, recrutadas, mortas e ramificadas foram superiores em relação aos no SA. No entanto, a riqueza de espécies, área basal e distribuição diamétrica foram superiores no SA. Botanicamente, foram observadas com muita clareza as espécies e as famílias dominantes de cada estádio e igualmente o dinamismo sucessional desse grupo de espécies, aumento explosivo e posterior declínio e substituição, evidenciando-se perfeitamente a funcionalidade dos grupos ecológicos nessa tipologia florestal. Por fim, destacou-se que a densidade de plantas ramificadas é notadamente superior em estádios florestais secundários iniciais, embora as taxas de incremento corrente anual fossem similares. As avaliações florísticas mostraram, ainda, que as florestas no litoral catarinense se encontravam em dinâmica sucessional, em que espécies climáxicas vêm substituindo paulatinamente o grupo de espécies pioneiras, elevando a diversidade de espécies e a biomassa florestal

Goiabeira serrana: estimativa de variabilidade para características de frutos com base no coeficiente de repetibilidade.

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Effects of combined drug treatments on Plasmodium falciparum : in vitro assays with doxycycline, ivermectin and efflux pump inhibitors

There is great concern regarding the rapid emergence and spread of drug-resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for the most severe form of human malaria. Parasite populations resistant to some or all the currently available antimalarial treatments are present in different world regions. Considering the need for novel and integrated approaches to control malaria, combinations of drugs were tested on P. falciparum. The primary focus was on doxycycline, an antibiotic that specifically targets the apicoplast of the parasite. In combination with doxycycline, three different drugs known to inhibit efflux pumps (verapamil, elacridar and ivermectin) were tested, with the assumption that they could increase the intracellular concentration of the antibiotic and consequently its efficacy against P. falciparum. We emphasize that elacridar is a third-generation ABC transporters inhibitor, never tested before on malaria parasites. In vitro experiments were performed on asexual stages of two strains of P. falciparum, chloroquine-sensitive (D10) and chloroquineresistant (W2). Incubation times on asynchronous or synchronous cultures were 72h or 96h, respectively. The antiplasmodial effect (i.e. the IC50) was determined by measuring the activity of the parasite lactate dehydrogenase, while the interaction between drugs was determined through combination index (CI) analyses. Elacridar achieved an IC50 concentration comparable to that of ivermectin, approx. 10-fold lower than that of verapamil, the other tested ABC transporter inhibitor. CI results showed synergistic effect of verapamil plus doxycycline, which is coherent with the starting hypothesis, i.e. that ABC transporters represent potential targets, worth of further investigations, towards the development of companion molecules useful to enhance the efficacy of antimalarial drugs. At the same time, the observed antagonistic effect of doxycycline in combination with ivermectin or elacridar highlighted the importance of drug testing, to avoid the de-facto generation of a sub-dosage, a condition that facilitates the development of drug resistance