The Influence of Microwave CF4 Plasma Activation on the Characteristics of Reactive Ion Etching of Mono-Si

The experiments have shown that microwave preliminary ionization of the plasma-forming gas increases the rate of the reactive ion etching of monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) by four and more times in comparison with the etching process without it. It is established that the mode of plasma activation (the power of microwave discharge) and the value of plasma-forming gas pressure significantly affect the characteristics of mono-Si surface micro-roughness obtained in the result of etching.mixtures are mainly in the boiling point and the GWP

The impact of drought on wheat leaf cuticle properties

BACKGROUND: The plant cuticle is the outermost layer covering aerial tissues and is composed of cutin and waxes. The cuticle plays an important role in protection from environmental stresses and glaucousness, the bluish-white colouration of plant surfaces associated with cuticular waxes, has been suggested as a contributing factor in crop drought tolerance. However, the cuticle structure and composition is complex and it is not clear which aspects are important in determining a role in drought tolerance. Therefore, we analysed residual transpiration rates, cuticle structure and epicuticular wax composition under well-watered conditions and drought in five Australian bread wheat genotypes, Kukri, Excalibur, Drysdale, RAC875 and Gladius, with contrasting glaucousness and drought tolerance. RESULTS: Significant differences were detected in residual transpiration rates between non-glaucous and drought-sensitive Kukri and four glaucous and drought-tolerant lines. No simple correlation was found between residual transpiration rates and the level of glaucousness among glaucous lines. Modest differences in the thickness of cuticle existed between the examined genotypes, while drought significantly increased thickness in Drysdale and RAC875. Wax composition analyses showed various amounts of C31 ß-diketone among genotypes and increases in the content of alkanes under drought in all examined wheat lines. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide new insights into the relationship between drought stress and the properties and structure of the wheat leaf cuticle. In particular, the data highlight the importance of the cuticle’s biochemical makeup, rather than a simple correlation with glaucousness or stomatal density, for water loss under limited water conditions.Huihui Bi, Nataliya Kovalchuk, Peter Langridge, Penny J. Tricker, Sergiy Lopato, and Nikolai Borisju

Actual characteristics of nutrition of the population in Odessa region

Kovalchuk L. Y., Melnyk K. S., Mykhaylenko V. L., Badiuk N. S. Actual characteristics of nutrition of  the population  in Odessa region. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(11):731-740. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.228325http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4132    The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 02.11.2016. Revised 22.11.2016. Accepted: 30.11.2016. Actual characteristics of nutrition of the population in Odessa region L. Y. Kovalchuk, K. S. Melnyk, V. L. Mykhaylenko, *N. S. Badiuk Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine*Ukrainian Research Institute of Transport Medicine of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine SummaryStudy of hygiene and environmental problems in the Odessa region should be aimed at the preservation of public health by minimizing the negative impact of environmental factors. Nutrition is one of the most important factors. Actual direction of modern medical science is the study of dietary intake and nutritional status of specific population groups to establish correlation between nutrition and health.Odessaregion differs significantly from other regions ofUkraineon the national population structure. The features of the modern structure of nutrition of the local population is the lack of animal protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (in the face of excess animal fat intake), many vitamins, micro- and macronutrients, dietary fibers. Recently, in the region there is a problem of nutritional rationalizing for people coming into the territory of theOdessaregion from different geographical areas for long term. Scientific substantiation of preventive measures to optimize the nutrition of the population ofOdessaregion and establish the correlation with indicators of health status, disability, and the main components of lifestyle are important for the prevention of nutrition-caused diseases and improve the health of the population of theSouth Ukraine.Keywords: public health, structure of nutrition, dietary intake ,regional differences

Tissue specific promoters from rice and wheat for modifying grain characteristics

Trabalho final do 6º Ano Médico com vista à atribuição do grau de mestre no âmbito do ciclo de estudos de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de CoimbraA tiroidite, inflamação da glândula tiroideia, é, juntamente com o bócio, a afecção endócrina mais frequente, sendo comummente encontrada em medicina ambulatória. Associada a uma função tiroideia normal, aumentada ou diminuída (frequentemente com evolução de uma condição para outra), as circunstâncias da sua descoberta podem ser variadas e a distinção dos seus vários tipos baseia-se, essencialmente, no panorama clínico, rapidez de instalação sintomática, história familiar e presença ou ausência de sintomas prodrómicos e dor no pescoço. Vários critérios podem ser utilizados para a sua classificação, nomeadamente histológicos e clínicos (acompanhada ou não de dor tiroideia), sendo, contudo, a evolução da doença o critério classicamente utilizado. Assim, de acordo com este último, os diferentes subtipos de tiroidite podem ser agrupados em: tiroidite aguda, tiroidite subaguda ou tiroidite crónica. A primeira é uma forma dolorosa de tiroidite extremamente rara causada por uma infecção bacteriana, fúngica ou parasitária da tiróide e surgindo, sobretudo, na criança/adolescente e adulto jovem. Nas tiroidites subagudas, podemos encontrar a tiroidite subaguda granulomatosa ou de De Quervain – causa mais frequente de dor tiroideia, eventualmente, de origem viral – e as tiroidites subagudas linfocíticas – tiroidites esporádica indolor, do pós-parto, iatrogénica (interferão, interleucina-2, lítio), tóxica (amiodarona), por irradiação (iodo 131, irradiação externa) ou traumática (cirurgia, punção, traumatismo externo). Finalmente, nas tiroidites crónicas, caracterizadas, portanto, por um maior tempo de evolução, podemos destacar a tiroidite de Riedel, de natureza fibrótica e fisiopatologia desconhecida, e a tiroidite de Hashimoto, a tiroidite mais frequente e causa mais comum de hipotiroidismo nas regiões com aporte suficiente de iodo e da qual as tiroidites esporádica indolor e do pós-parto se aproximam pelo seu carácter autoimune. O diagnóstico destas afecções é feito pelo contexto e achados clínicos, incluindo a presença ou ausência de dor, textura e autoanticorpos. Adicionalmente, o grau de absorção de iodo radioactivo pela iii glândula é reduzido na maioria dos pacientes com inflamação viral, induzida por radiação, traumática, autoimune ou induzida por drogas. O tratamento é, primeiramente, dirigido ao alívio sintomático da dor tiroideia e restabelecimento do eutiroidismo.Thyroiditis, inflammation of the thyroid gland, is, along with goiter, the most frequent endocrine pathology, being commonly found in ambulatory medicine. Associated with normal, elevated or depressed thyroid function (often with evolution from one condition to another), the circumstances of its discovery are varied and the distinction of its several types is based primarily on the clinical setting, rapidity of symptom onset, family history and presence or absence of prodromal symptoms and neck pain. Different criteria can be used to its classification, namely histological and clinical (with thyroid pain or not). Nevertheless, the evolution of the disease is the classically used criterion. Thus, accordingly with this one, the several subtypes of thyroiditis can be divided into: acute thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis and chronic thyroiditis. The first one is an extremely rare painful form of thyroiditis cause by a bacterial, fungic or parasitic infection of the thyroid and it in children/adolescents and young adults. In subacute thyroiditis, we can have the subacute granulomatous or de De Quervain thyroiditis – most common cause of thyroid pain, eventually of viral original – and the subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis – sporadic painless, postpartum, iatrogenic (interferon, interleukin-2, lithium), toxic (amiodarone), by irradiation (iodine 131 and external irradiation) or traumatic (surgery, puncture or external traumatism) thyroiditis. Finally, in chronic thyroiditis, characterized, therefore, by a longer time of evolution, we can mention Riedel’s thyroiditis, of fibrotic nature and unknown physiopathology, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, the most frequent thyroiditis and the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the regions with an adequate iodine supply, from which the sporadic painful and postpartum thyroiditis are close by their autoimune character. Diagnosis is by clinical context and findings, including the presence or absence of pain, tenderness and autoantibodies. In addition, the degree of radioactive iodine uptake by the gland is reduced in most patients with viral, radiation-induced, traumatic, autoimmune, or drug-induced inflammation of the thyroid. Treatment primarily is directed at symptomatic relief of the thyroid pain and restoration of euthyroidism

Theory and Applications of X-ray Standing Waves in Real Crystals

Theoretical aspects of x-ray standing wave method for investigation of the real structure of crystals are considered in this review paper. Starting from the general approach of the secondary radiation yield from deformed crystals this theory is applied to different concreat cases. Various models of deformed crystals like: bicrystal model, multilayer model, crystals with extended deformation field are considered in detailes. Peculiarities of x-ray standing wave behavior in different scattering geometries (Bragg, Laue) are analysed in detailes. New possibilities to solve the phase problem with x-ray standing wave method are discussed in the review. General theoretical approaches are illustrated with a big number of experimental results.Comment: 101 pages, 43 figures, 3 table

Методика відбору собак для потреб кінологічних підрозділів сектору безпеки і оборони України

In the article the main criteria and indicators in terms of selecting dogs for the service needs of canine units of the security and defense sector of Ukraine are being examined. Based on the results of the analysis of domestic and foreign experience in the application of various methods of selection of service dogs, the problem issues of dogs selection for service needs are being identified. An analysis of the international experience of canine units (on the example of canine units of the USA, Spain, and Germany) in organizing the selection of dogs for the performance of service tasks is being carried out, and the main ways of its implementation in the conditions of the existing system of canine support of the units of the security and defense sector of Ukraine are worked out. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the requirements of the governing documents, which determine the order of organization of the activities of canine units, special and professional literature, the main methodical recommendations for the organization of the dogs selection  for the purpose of their further use in breeding work and training according to the relevant specialization (special, search, guard, search-assault, mine-searching) are discovered. A generalized approach and a variant of the improved methodology for determining the suitability of a dog for service use are proposed, the main components of which are the assessment of the physiological state of the dog's main body systems, exterior and constitution, nervous system, physical endurance and working qualities of dogs. The methods of dogs testing to determine their suitability for official use involve two stages: primary – testing of dogs according to the relevant sections, which is carried out on the day of arrival at the Kennel Training Center or on the day of the arrival of the dog selection commission to the owner of the dog (section A “Evaluation of the physiological state”, section B “Evaluation of the nervous system of dogs and the degree of socialization”, section B “Evaluation of working qualities of dogs” – the direction of further use (specialization) is taken into consideration, section D “Evaluation of dogs by exterior and constitution” – if necessary); repeated stage – repeated testing according to the algorithm of the first stage (section A – if necessary), which is carried out on 2–4 days. It is recommended to check a compliance with the breed standard by evaluating the main parameters of the dog according to the exterior and constitution. During the selection according to the defined criteria, it is mandatory to take into consideration the future purpose of the dog, in particular, use in a breeding business or for a service training. In case of selection of dogs with the aim of their further use in units of reproduction of service dogs as pedigrees, their suitability indicators will be higher and must satisfy the basic requirements set forth by canine units (breeding value, strong type of constitution and nervous system, exterior evaluations not lower “good” and “very good”).У статті розглянуто основні критерії та показники відбору собак для службових потреб кінологічних підрозділів складових сектору безпеки і оборони України. За результатами аналізу вітчизняного та зарубіжного досвіду застосування різних методик відбору службових собак виокремлено проблемні питання селекції собак для службових потреб. Проведено аналіз міжнародного досвіду діяльності кінологічних підрозділів (на прикладі кінологічних підрозділів США, Іспанії, Німеччини) щодо організації селекції собак для виконання службових завдань та опрацьовано основні шляхи його впровадження в умовах системи кінологічного забезпечення складових сектору безпеки і оборони Україні. На основі детального аналізу вимог керівних документів, які визначають порядок організації діяльності кінологічних підрозділів, спеціальної та фахової літератури, розкрито основні методичні рекомендації щодо організації відбору собак з метою подальшого їх використання у племінній справі та підготовці за відповідною спеціалізацією (спеціальні, розшукові, вартові, розшуково-штурмові, мінно-розшукові). Запропоновано узагальнений підхід та варіант удосконаленої методики для визначення придатності собаки для службового використання, основними складовими якої є оцінювання фізіологічного стану основних систем організму собаки, екстер’єру та конституції, нервової системи, фізичної витривалості та робочих якостей собак. Методика тестування собак на визначення їхньої придатності до службового використання передбачає два етапи: первинний – тестування собак за відповідними розділами, яке проводиться у день прибуття до Кінологічного навчального центру або у день прибуття комісії з відбору собак до власника собаки (розділ А “Оцінювання фізіологічного стану”, розділ Б “Оцінювання нервової системи собак та ступеня соціалізації”, розділ В “Оцінювання робочих якостей собак” – враховується напрям подальшого використання (спеціалізація), розділ Г “Оцінювання собак за екстер’єром та конституцією” – за потреби); повторний етап – повторне тестування за алгоритмом першого етапу (розділ А – за потреби), яке проводиться на 2–4 день. Перевірку відповідності стандарту породи рекомендується здійснювати шляхом оцінювання основних показників собаки за екстер’єром та конституцією. Під час відбору за окресленим критерієм обов’язковою умовою є урахування майбутнього призначення собаки, зокрема використання у племінній справі або для службового дресирування. У випадку відбору собак з метою їх подальшого використання у підрозділах відтворення службових собак як племінних, показники їхньої придатності будуть вищими та повинні задовольняти основні вимоги, які висуваються кінологічними підрозділами (племінна цінність, міцний тип конституції та нервової системи, оцінки за екстер’єром не нижче “добре” та “дуже добре”)