Cosmic ray sidereal diurnal variation of galactic origin observed by neutron monitors

Cosmic ray sidereal diurnal variations observed by neutron monitors are analyzed for the period 1961 to 1978, by adding 134 station years data to the previous paper (Nagashima, et al., 1983). Also the dependence of the sidereal variations on Sun's polar magnetic field polarity is examined for two periods; the period of negative polarity in the northern region, 1961 to 1969 and the period of positive polarity, 1970 to 1978. It is obtained that for the former period, the amplitude A=0.0203 + or 0.0020% and the phase phi=6.1 + or - 0.4 h LST and for the latter period, 0.0020% and phi=8.6 + or - 4 h LST, respectively

Rad62 protein functionally and physically associates with the Smc5/Smc6 protein complex and is required for chromosome integrity and recombination repair in fission yeast

Smc5 and Smc6 proteins form a heterodimeric SMC (structural maintenance of chromosome) protein complex like SMC1-SMC3 cohesin and SMC2-SMC4 condensin, and they associate with non-SMC proteins Nse1 and Nse2 stably and Rad60 transiently. This multiprotein complex plays an essential role in maintaining chromosome integrity and repairing DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). This study characterizes a Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutant rad62-1, which is hypersensitive to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and synthetically lethal with rad2 (a feature of recombination mutants). rad62-1 is hypersensitive to UV and gamma rays, epistatic with rhp51, and defective in repair of DSBs. rad62 is essential for viability and genetically interacts with rad60, smc6, and brc1. Rad62 protein physically associates with the Smc5-6 complex. rad62-1 is synthetically lethal with mutations in the genes promoting recovery from stalled replication, such as rqh1, srs2, and mus81, and those involved in nucleotide excision repair like rad13 and rad16. These results suggest that Rad62, like Rad60, in conjunction with the Smc5-6 complex, plays an essential role in maintaining chromosome integrity and recovery from stalled replication by recombination

Anomalous increase of solar anisotropy above 150GV in 1981-1983

An analysis was carried out of the observed data with Nagoya (surface). Misato (34mwe) and Sakashita (80mwe) multidirectional muon telescope, for the solar activity maximum period of 1978-1983. These data respond to primaries extending over the median rigidity range 60GV to 600GV. The observed amplitude at Sakashita station in 1981-1983 increased, especially in 1982; the amplitude is twice as large as that in 1978-1980, when those at Nagoya and Misato stations are nearly the same as those in 1978-1980. Uni-directional anisotropy is derived by the best fit method by assuming the flat rigidity spectrum with the upper cutoff rigidity Pu. The value of Pu obtained is 270GV in 1981-1983 and 150GV in 1978-1980

Solar tri-diurnal variation of cosmic rays in a wide range of rigidity

Solar tri-diurnal variations of cosmic rays have been analyzed in a wide range of rigidity, using data from neutron monitors, and the surface and underground muon telescopes for the period 1978-1983. The rigidity spectrum of the anisotropy in space is assumed to be of power-exponential type as (P/gamma P sub o) to the gamma exp (gamma-P/P sub o). By means of the best-fit method between the observed and the expected variations, it is obtained that the spectrum has a peak at P (=gamma P sub o) approx = 90 GV, where gamma=approx 3.0 and P sub o approx. 30 GV. The phase in space of the tri-diurnal variation is also obtained as 7.0 hr (15 hr and 23 hr LT), which is quite different from that of approx. 1 hr. arising from the axisymmetric distribution of cosmic rays with respect to the IMF

Quantitative Rescattering Theory for high-order harmonic generation from molecules

The Quantitative Rescattering Theory (QRS) for high-order harmonic generation (HHG) by intense laser pulses is presented. According to the QRS, HHG spectra can be expressed as a product of a returning electron wave packet and the photo-recombination differential cross section of the {\em laser-free} continuum electron back to the initial bound state. We show that the shape of the returning electron wave packet is determined mostly by the laser only. The returning electron wave packets can be obtained from the strong-field approximation or from the solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation (TDSE) for a reference atom. The validity of the QRS is carefully examined by checking against accurate results for both harmonic magnitude and phase from the solution of the TDSE for atomic targets within the single active electron approximation. Combining with accurate transition dipoles obtained from state-of-the-art molecular photoionization calculations, we further show that available experimental measurements for HHG from partially aligned molecules can be explained by the QRS. Our results show that quantitative description of the HHG from aligned molecules has become possible. Since infrared lasers of pulse durations of a few femtoseconds are easily available in the laboratory, they may be used for dynamic imaging of a transient molecule with femtosecond temporal resolutions.Comment: 50 pages, 15 figure

Hadronic Masses and Regge Trajectories

A comprehensive phenomenological analysis of experimental data and some theoretical models is presented here (for mesons) to critically discuss how Regge trajectory parameters depend on flavor. Through analytic continuation of physical trajectories (obtained from resonance data) into the space like region, we derive the suppression factor for heavy flavor production. The case of our D Regge exchange, both for D and $\Lambda_c$ production, is considered in some detail. Good agreement with data is reached confirming that indeed the slopes of heavier flavors decrease. This result suggests that the confinement potential has a substantial dependence on the quark masses. In a simple non-relativistic model, constrained to produce linear Regge trajectories, it is shown that a linear quark mass dependence is required (in the confinement part of the potential) in order for the slope to decrease in the appropriate way.Comment: 19 pages, 9 Figures, IV Table

Electrical Detection and Magnetic-Field Control of Spin States in Phosphorus-Doped Silicon

Electron paramagnetic resonance of ensembles of phosphorus donors in silicon has been detected electrically with externally applied magnetic fields lower than 200 G. Because the spin Hamiltonian was dominated by the contact hyperfine term rather than by the Zeeman terms at such low magnetic fields, superposition states $\alpha{}| \uparrow \downarrow >+\beta{}| \downarrow \uparrow >$ and $-\beta{}| \uparrow \downarrow > + \alpha{}| \downarrow \uparrow >$ were formed between phosphorus electron and nuclear spins, and electron paramagnetic resonance transitions between these superposition states and $| \uparrow \uparrow >$ or $| \downarrow \downarrow >$ states are observed clearly. A continuous change of $\alpha{}$ and $\beta{}$ with the magnetic field was observed with a behavior fully consistent with theory of phosphorus donors in silicon.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Energy end-use technologies for the 21st century

The World Energy Council’s recent study examined the potential of energy end-use technologies and of research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) into these technologies on a global scale. Surprises are likely, but nevertheless, current research and development offer a picture of what might happen in the future as new technologies face the competition of the marketplace. Given the breadth of energy end-use technologies and the differences between regions and economic conditions, the study focused on technologies that appear most important from today’s vantage point. Globally, robust research and development followed by demonstrations of new end-use technologies can potentially save at least 110 EJ/year by 2020 and over 300 EJ/year by 2050. If achieved, this translates to worldwide energy savings of as much as 25% by 2020 and over 40% by 2050, over what may be required without these technologies. It is almost certain that no single technology, or even a small set of technologies, will dominate in meeting the needs of the globe in any foreseeable timeframe. Absent a significant joint government–industry effort on end-use technology RD&D, the technologies needed will not be ready for the marketplace in the timeframes required with even the most pessimistic scenarios. Based on previous detailed analyses for the United States, an international expenditure of $4 billion per year seems more than justified. The success of new energy end-use technologies depends on new RD&D investments and policy decisions made today. Governments, in close cooperation with industry, must carefully consider RD&D incentives that can help get technologies from the laboratory or test-bed to market. Any short-term impact areas are likely to benefit from focused RD&D. These include electricity transmission and distribution, distributed electricity production, transportation, the production of paper and pulp, iron and steel, aluminum, cement and chemicals, and information and communication technologies. For long-term impact, significant areas include fuel cells, hydrogen fuel, and integrated multi-task energy systems