192 research outputs found
Electrostatic charging artefacts in Lorentz electron tomography of MFM tip stray fields
Using the technique of differential phase contrast (DPC) Lorentz electron microscopy, the magnetic stray field distribution from magnetic force microscopy (MFM) tips can be calculated in a plane in front of the tip using tomographic reconstruction techniques. Electrostatic charging of the tip during DPC imaging can significantly distort these field reconstructions. Using a simple point charge model, this paper illustrates the effect of electrostatic charging of the sample on the accuracy of tomographic field reconstructions. A procedure for separating electrostatic and magnetic effects is described, and is demonstrated using experimental tomographic data obtained from a modified MFM tip
Compressed sensing electron tomography using adaptive dictionaries: a simulation study
Electron tomography (ET) is an increasingly important technique for examining the three-dimensional morphologies of nanostructures. ET involves the acquisition of a set of 2D projection images to be reconstructed into a volumetric image by solving an inverse problem. However, due to limitations in the acquisition process this inverse problem is considered ill-posed (i.e., no unique solution exists). Furthermore reconstruction usually suffers from missing wedge artifacts (e.g., star, fan, blurring, and elongation artifacts). Compressed sensing (CS) has recently been applied to ET and showed promising results for reducing missing wedge artifacts caused by limited angle sampling. CS uses a nonlinear reconstruction algorithm that employs image sparsity as a priori knowledge to improve the accuracy of density reconstruction from a relatively small number of projections compared to other reconstruction techniques. However, The performance of CS recovery depends heavily on the degree of sparsity of the reconstructed image in the selected transform domain. Prespecified transformations such as spatial gradients provide sparse image representation, while synthesising the sparsifying transform based on the properties of the particular specimen may give even sparser results and can extend the application of CS to specimens that can not be sparsely represented with other transforms such as Total variation (TV). In this work, we show that CS reconstruction in ET can be significantly improved by tailoring the sparsity representation using a sparse dictionary learning principle
Lorentz TEM imaging of stripe structures embedded in a soft magnetic matrix
N\'eel walls in soft magnetic NiFe/NiFeGa hybrid stripe structures surrounded
by a NiFe film are investigated by high resolution Lorentz transmission
electron microscopic imaging. An anti-parallel orientation of magnetization in
1000 nm wide neighboring unirradiated-irradiated stripes is observed by forming
high angle domain walls during magnetization reversal. Upon downscaling the
stripe structure size from 1000 nm to 200 nm a transition from a discrete
domain pattern to an effective magnetic medium is observed for external
magnetic field reversal. This transition is associated with vanishing ability
of hosting high angle domain walls between adjacent stripes. The investigation
also demonstrated the potentiality of Lorentz microscopy to image periodic
stripe structures well under micron length-scale.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure
Engineering magnetic domain-wall structure in permalloy nanowires
Using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy we investigate the behavior of
domain walls pinned at non-topographic defects in Cr(3 nm)/Permalloy(10
nm)/Cr(5 nm) nanowires of width 500 nm. The pinning sites consist of linear
defects where magnetic properties are modified by a Ga ion probe with diameter
~ 10 nm using a focused ion beam microscope. We study the detailed change of
the modified region (which is on the scale of the focused ion spot) using
electron energy loss spectroscopy and differential phase contrast imaging on an
aberration (Cs) corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. The signal
variation observed indicates that the region modified by the irradiation
corresponds to ~ 40-50 nm despite the ion probe size of only 10 nm. Employing
the Fresnel mode of Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, we show that it
is possible to control the domain wall structure and its depinning strength not
only via the irradiation dose but also the line orientation.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review Applie
On the scaling behaviour of cross-tie domain wall structures in patterned NiFe elements
The cross-tie domain wall structure in micrometre and sub-micrometre wide
patterned elements of NiFe, and a thickness range of 30 to 70nm, has been
studied by Lorentz microscopy. Whilst the basic geometry of the cross-tie
repeat units remains unchanged, their density increases when the cross-tie
length is constrained to be smaller than the value associated with a continuous
film. This occurs when element widths are sufficiently narrow or when the wall
is forced to move close to an edge under the action of an applied field. To a
very good approximation the cross-tie density scales with the inverse of the
distance between the main wall and the element edge. The experiments show that
in confined structures, the wall constantly modifies its form and that the need
to generate, and subsequently annihilate, extra vortex/anti-vortex pairs
constitutes an additional source of hysteresis.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Europhysics Letters
(EPL
A transmission electron microscope study of N\'eel skyrmion magnetic textures in multilayer thin film systems with large interfacial chiral interaction
Skyrmions in ultrathin ferromagnetic metal (FM)/heavy metal (HM) multilayer
systems produced by conventional sputtering methods have recently generated
huge interest due to their applications in the field of spintronics. The
sandwich structure with two correctly-chosen heavy metal layers provides an
additive interfacial exchange interaction which promotes domain wall or
skyrmion spin textures that are N\'eel in character and with a fixed chirality.
Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a high resolution method
ideally suited to quantitatively image such chiral magnetic configurations.
When allied with physical and chemical TEM analysis of both planar and
cross-sectional samples, key length scales such as grain size and the chiral
variation of the magnetisation variation have been identified and measured. We
present data showing the importance of the grain size (mostly < 10nm) measured
from direct imaging and its potential role in describing observed behaviour of
isolated skyrmions (diameter < 100nm). In the latter the region in which the
magnetization rotates is measured to be around 30 nm. Such quantitative
information on the multiscale magnetisation variations in the system is key to
understanding and exploiting the behaviour of skyrmions for future device
applications.Comment: 11 pages , 6 figures, journal articl
DMI meter: Measuring the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction inversion in Pt/Co/Ir/Pt multilayers
We describe a field-driven domain wall creep-based method for the
quantification of interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions (DMI) in
perpendicularly magnetized thin films. The use of only magnetic fields to drive
wall motion removes the possibility of mixing with current-related effects such
as spin Hall effect or Rashba field, as well as the complexity arising from
lithographic patterning. We demonstrate this method on sputtered Pt/Co/Ir/Pt
multilayers with a variable Ir layer thickness. By inserting an ultrathin layer
of Ir at the Co/Pt interface we can reverse the sign of the effective DMI
acting on the sandwiched Co layer, and therefore continuously change the domain
wall (DW) structure from right- to the left-handed N\'{e}el wall. We also show
that the DMI shows exquisite sensitivity to the exact details of the atomic
structure at the film interfaces by comparison with a symmetric epitaxial
Pt/Co/Pt multilayer
Direct observation of domain wall structures in curved permalloy wires containing an antinotch
The formation and field response of head-to-head domain walls in curved permalloy wires, fabricated to contain a single antinotch, have been investigated using Lorentz microscopy. High spatial resolution maps of the vector induction distribution in domain walls close to the antinotch have been derived and compared with micromagnetic simulations. In wires of 10 nm thickness the walls are typically of a modified asymmetric transverse wall type. Their response to applied fields tangential to the wire at the antinotch location was studied. The way the wall structure changes depends on whether the field moves the wall away from or further into the notch. Higher fields are needed and much more distorted wall structures are observed in the latter case, indicating that the antinotch acts as an energy barrier for the domain wal
Quantitative imaging of hybrid chiral spin textures in magnetic multilayer systems by Lorentz microscopy
Chiral magnetic textures in ultrathin perpendicularly magnetised multilayer
film stacks with an interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction have been the
focus of much research recently. The chirality associated with the broken
inversion symmetry at the interface between an ultrathin ferromagnetic layer
and a heavy metal with large spin-orbit coupling supports homochiral N\'eel
domain walls and hedgehog (N\'eel) skyrmions. Under spin-orbit torques these
N\'eel type magnetic structures are predicted, and have been measured, to move
at high velocities. However recent studies have indicated that some
multilayered systems may possess a more complex hybrid domain wall
configuration, due to the competition between interfacial DMI and interlayer
dipolar fields. These twisted textures are expected to have thickness dependent
N\'eel and Bloch contributions to the domain or skyrmion walls. In this work,
we use the methods of Lorentz microscopy to measure quantitatively for the
first time experimentally both; i) the contributions of the N\'eel and Bloch
contributions and ii) their spatial spin variation at high resolution. These
are compared with modelled and simulated structures which are in excellent
agreement with our experimental results. Our quantitative analysis provides
powerful direct evidence of the Bloch wall component which exists in these
hybrid walls and will be significant when exploiting such phenomena in
spintronic applications.Comment: 12 page
Sputter-engineering a first-order magnetic phase transition in sub-15-nm-thick single-crystal FeRh films
Equiatomic FeRh alloys undergo a fascinating first-order metamagnetic phase transition (FOMPT) just above room temperature, which has attracted reinvigorated interest for applications in spintronics. Until now, all attempts to grow nanothin FeRh alloy films have consistently shown that FeRh layers tend to grow in the Volmer-Weber growth mode. Here we show that sputter-grown sub-15-nm-thick FeRh alloy films deposited at low sputter-gas pressure, typically âŒ0.1 Pa, onto (001)-oriented MgO substrates, grow in a peening-induced Frank-van der Merwe growth mode for FeRh film thicknesses above 5 nm, circumventing this major drawback. The bombardment of high-energy sputtered atoms, the atom-peening effect, induces a rebalancing between adsorbate-surface and adsorbate-adsorbate interactions, leading to the formation of a smooth continuous nanothin FeRh film. Chemical order in the films increases with the FeRh thickness, tFeRh, and varies monotonically from 0.75 up to 0.9. Specular x-ray diffraction scans around Bragg peaks show Pendellösung fringes for films with tFeRhâ„5.2 nm, which reflects in smooth well-ordered densified single-crystal FeRh layers. The nanothin film's roughness varies from 0.6 down to about 0.1 nm as tFeRh increases, and scales linearly with the integral breadth of the rocking curve, proving its microstructured origin. Magnetometry shows that the FOMPT in the nanothin films is qualitatively similar to that of the bulk alloy, except for the thinnest film of 3.7 nm
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