Microglial phagocytosis mediates long-term restructuring of spinal GABAergic circuits following early life injury

Peripheral injury during the early postnatal period alters the somatosensory system, leading to behavioural hyperalgesia upon re-injury in adulthood. Spinal microglia have been implicated as the cellular mediators of this phenomenon, but the mechanism is unclear. We hypothesised that neonatal injury (1) alters microglial phagocytosis of synapses in the dorsal horn leading to long-term structural changes in neurons, and/or (2) trains microglia, leading to a stronger microglial response after re-injury in adulthood. Using hindpaw surgical incision as a model we showed that microglial density and phagocytosis increased in the dorsal horn region innervated by the hindpaw. Dorsal horn microglia increased engulfment of synapses following injury, with a preference for those expressing the vesicular GABA transporter VGAT and primary afferent A-fibre terminals in neonates. This led to a long-term reduction of VGAT density in the dorsal horn and reduced microglial phagocytosis of VGLUT2 terminals. We also saw an increase in apoptosis following neonatal injury, which was not limited to the dorsal horn suggesting that larger circuit wide changes are happening. In adults, hindpaw incision increased microglial engulfment of predominantly VGAT synapses but did not alter the engulfment of A-fibres. This engulfment was not affected by prior neonatal injury, suggesting that microglial phagocytosis was not trained. These results highlight microglial phagocytosis in the dorsal horn as an important physiological response towards peripheral injury with potential long-term consequences and reveals differences in microglial responses between neonates and adults

Data and the city – accessibility and openness. a cybersalon paper on open data

This paper showcases examples of bottom–up open data and smart city applications and identifies lessons for future such efforts. Examples include Changify, a neighbourhood-based platform for residents, businesses, and companies; Open Sensors, which provides APIs to help businesses, startups, and individuals develop applications for the Internet of Things; and Cybersalon’s Hackney Treasures. a location-based mobile app that uses Wikipedia entries geolocated in Hackney borough to map notable local residents. Other experiments with sensors and open data by Cybersalon members include Ilze Black and Nanda Khaorapapong's The Breather, a "breathing" balloon that uses high-end, sophisticated sensors to make air quality visible; and James Moulding's AirPublic, which measures pollution levels. Based on Cybersalon's experience to date, getting data to the people is difficult, circuitous, and slow, requiring an intricate process of leadership, public relations, and perseverance. Although there are myriad tools and initiatives, there is no one solution for the actual transfer of that data

Gametogenesis and Spawning of Solenastrea bournoni and Stephanocoenia intersepta in Southeast Florida, USA

This study constitutes the first report of the gametogenic cycle of the scleractinian corals Solenastrea bournoni and Stephanocoenia intersepta. Tissue samples were collected near Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA between July 2008 and November 2009 and processed for histological examination in an effort to determine reproductive mode and potential spawning times. Both S. bournoni and S. intersepta are gonochoric, broadcast spawning species. Gametogenesis of S. bournoni began in April or May while S. intersepta had a much longer oogenic cycle that began in December with spermatogenesis beginning in July. Though spawning was not observed in situ, spawning was inferred from the decrease of late stage gametes in histological samples. In addition, histological observations of oocyte resorption and released spermatozoa were used to corroborate spawning times. Data indicate that S. bournoni spawns in September while S. intersepta spawns after the full moon in late August or early Septemb

Gametogenesis and Spawning of Solenastrea bournoni and Stephanocoenia intersepta in Southeast Florida, USA

This study constitutes the first report of the gametogenic cycle of the scleractinian corals Solenastrea bournoni and Stephanocoenia intersepta. Tissue samples were collected near Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA between July 2008 and November 2009 and processed for histological examination in an effort to determine reproductive mode and potential spawning times. Both S. bournoni and S. intersepta are gonochoric, broadcast spawning species. Gametogenesis of S. bournoni began in April or May while S. intersepta had a much longer oogenic cycle that began in December with spermatogenesis beginning in July. Though spawning was not observed in situ, spawning was inferred from the decrease of late stage gametes in histological samples. In addition, histological observations of oocyte resorption and released spermatozoa were used to corroborate spawning times. Data indicate that S. bournoni spawns in September while S. intersepta spawns after the full moon in late August or early Septemb

Small-Scale Mapping of Indeterminate Arborescent Acroporid Coral (Acropora cervicornis) Patches

Western Atlantic populations of the staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis have drastically declined over the past few decades. Hence, interest in its ecology and spatial extent has increased. Acroporid corals with indeterminate arborescent growth like A.cervicornis primarily reproduce asexually by fragmentation, which can lead to extensive monotypic patches. Since fragmentation is a major component in indeterminate acroporid reproduction, these patches may expand or move over time. Periodic perimeter mapping facilitates comparison of patch areas to determine movement or expansion. A repeatable, low-cost method using a differential GPS carried by a snorkeler was employed to map the perimeter of A.cervicornis patches in southeast Florida. Perimeters were mapped over a 3-year period. Patch boundaries were dynamic, expanding in one or more directions. Patch areas increased by up to 7.5 times their original size and moved up to 51 m. Results were corroborated by spatial cluster analyses of in situ live coral cover measurements. Getis-Ord Gi* statistic and Anselin Local Moran’s I spatial cluster analyses of live coral cover within an array of in situ monitoring plots indicated that significant high cover clusters moved in the direction of mapped patch perimeter expansion. Expansion was coupled by more than 50 % decreases in total live cover. Information gained herein shows that A. cervicornis patches are spatially and temporally dynamic, having implications to long-term permanent transect monitoring studies and framework development. Results may be applicable to other shallow water indeterminate arborescent acroporid coral species

Siderastrea siderea Spawning and Oocyte Resorption at High Latitude

At high latitudes (\u3e25°), sexual reproduction and the maintenance of coral populations can be impaired by marginal environmental conditions. However, little is known about sexual reproduction of many coral species at high latitude on the northern-most extension of the Florida Reef Tract. This study aimed to histologically characterize the reproductive ecology of Siderastrea siderea, near Fort Lauderdale, Florida (26°N). Tissue samples of S. siderea were collected semi-monthly to multiweekly from August to November in 2007 and 2008. Spawning was inferred from gametogenesis and oocyte resorption was observed in detail. Environmental variables including temperature and lunar cycle were examined for relationship with potential spawning times. Based on the histological evidence, we infer that spawning likely occurred primarily in October. Gametogenesis in this species is likely mediated by seasonal temperature variation, whereas lunar cycle could act as finer scale environmental cue for coordination of spawning. Our findings highlight that S. siderea spawning occurs later in the year compared to other populations of this species throughout the Caribbean and to other coral species near Fort Lauderdale. For the first time, oocyte resorption stages are described and constitute a baseline for future projects that aim to understand this process in corals

Scleractinian Coral Recruitment to Reefs Physically Damaged by Ship Groundings

The southeast Florida reef system faces a number of stress factors, among which ship groundings are one of the most physically damaging. Portions of the Florida reef tract located near Port Everglades, Broward County, Florida, USA have been damaged by ship groundings. In 2004, physical damage of more than 30,000 m2 was caused by the groundings of two large cargo ships, the MV Eastwind and MV Federal Pescadores. The present study was designed to measure differences of scleractinian coral recruitment patterns (recruit diversity and richness) and rates to these injured sites in comparison to undamaged reef sites. Coral recruitment rates were measured on unglazed ceramic tiles deployed for a period of one year from February 2007 to February 2008 at five different locations: three control sites (including a high coral cover site), and the two ship grounding sites. Morphology and genetic markers including CO1 and cytb were used to identify the coral recruits. A whole genome amplification kit (REPLI-g, Qiagen) was used to obtain sufficient amounts of DNA. Results revealed low recruitment rates (0.5-2.7 recruitsm-2 yr-1) to the studied sites, suggesting a low potential for recovery of the damaged areas

Fecundity and Sexual Maturity of the Coral Siderastrea siderea at High Latitude Along the Florida Reef Tract, USA

Siderastrea siderea is one of the most abundant corals at high latitude shallow sites along the Florida Reef Tract (25°–27°N). This species is able to tolerate wide seawater temperature fluctuations and sedimentation stress, but its reproductive status at high latitudes and under marginal environmental conditions is poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the reproductive potential of S. siderea along a latitudinal gradient (25°–27°N) and to determine if sexual maturity occurs in small (\u3c12.0 cm) S. siderea colonies. Samples of coral tissue were collected in 2007, 2008, and 2009 at three sites along the latitudinal gradient and were processed for histological analysis. Oocyte size, volume, and abundance were used to calculate fecundity. Results showed that fecundity decreased with increasing latitude and that oocyte volume was the major contributing factor to this variation. Mature oocytes were observed in S. siderea colonies at sizes as small as 1.1 cm in diameter. The ability of S. siderea to reach fertility at high latitude areas suggests this species is able to reproduce under marginal environmental conditions; however, reduction in oocyte size could increase local retention of larvae. The presence of mature oocytes in small colonies suggests that stress can reduce somatic growth and shift sexual maturity to smaller colony sizes

Disenfranchised grievers - The GP's role in management

Copyright © 2007 The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners Copyright to Australian Family Physician. Reproduced with permission. Permission to reproduce must be sought from the publisher, The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners.Disenfranchised grief results from a loss that is not or cannot be openly acknowledged, publicly mourned, or socially supported. This article aims to explain the concept and varying presentations of disenfranchised grief and outlines the importance of the general practitioner's role. Preliminary quantitative results of a study of 15 cross cultural workers re-entering Australia are presented, showing more than half experiencing grief during re-entry and all having some form of disenfranchised grief. Disenfranchised grievers present with various symptoms, however, primary care has focused on mental illness, with little recognition of loss and grief issues, especially disenfranchised grief. Further research is required and currently underway to design and formally test a model that can be implemented within an Australian fee-for-service setting.Susan Selby, Alison Jones, Teresa Burgess, Sheila Clark, Nicole Moulding, Justin Beilb

Downregulation of Mcl-1 has anti-inflammatory pro-resolution effects and enhances bacterial clearance from the lung

Phagocytes not only coordinate acute inflammation and host defense at mucosal sites, but also contribute to tissue damage. Respiratory infection causes a globally significant disease burden and frequently progresses to acute respiratory distress syndrome, a devastating inflammatory condition characterized by neutrophil recruitment and accumulation of protein-rich edema fluid causing impaired lung function. We hypothesized that targeting the intracellular protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) by a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (AT7519) or a flavone (wogonin) would accelerate neutrophil apoptosis and resolution of established inflammation, but without detriment to bacterial clearance. Mcl-1 loss induced human neutrophil apoptosis, but did not induce macrophage apoptosis nor impair phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. Neutrophil-dominant inflammation was modelled in mice by either endotoxin or bacteria (Escherichia coli). Downregulating inflammatory cell Mcl-1 had anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution effects, shortening the resolution interval (R(i)) from 19 to 7 h and improved organ dysfunction with enhanced alveolar–capillary barrier integrity. Conversely, attenuating drug-induced Mcl-1 downregulation inhibited neutrophil apoptosis and delayed resolution of endotoxin-mediated lung inflammation. Importantly, manipulating lung inflammatory cell Mcl-1 also accelerated resolution of bacterial infection (R(i); 50 to 16 h) concurrent with enhanced bacterial clearance. Therefore, manipulating inflammatory cell Mcl-1 accelerates inflammation resolution without detriment to host defense against bacteria, and represents a target for treating infection-associated inflammation