1,050 research outputs found
Kako u Srbiji poveÄati proizvodnju juneÄeg, jagnjeÄeg i svinjskog mesa namenjenog domaÄim potrebama i izvozu
The present situation in livestock production and production of meat is presented in this paper, as well as directions for future work aimed at bringing changes to this branch of economy. In the last decade, a drop in the number of animals was recorded of approx. 2 to 3% at annual level. Also, drop in production of meat was recorded from 444.000 tons (1990) to 384.000 tons (2010). In order to have planned progress in production of meat it is necessary to define more clearly breeding goals with precise determination of all economically relevant and indicator traits. In addition to growth and body development traits which have so far been in focus of selection work, for production of meat also maternal traits are important, food conversion and quantity and quality traits of carcasses and meat.DugoroÄna koncepcija razvoja stoÄarstva treba da se temelji na efikasnosti proizvodnje mesa, preko organizovanja farmera. Za uspeÅ”no organizaciono i ekonomsko jaÄanje farmera važan je pravilan izbor poslovnog povezivanja. Za brdsko planinska podruÄja naÅ”e zemlje, u kojima nema organizovanih otkupnih i preraÄivaÄkih kapaciteta i koja su udaljena od gradskih centara, veoma interesantan oblik povezivanja Äe biti formiranje novih malih preradnih kapaciteta. Stabilne i unapred poznate cene za proizvode stoÄarstva, kao i dobro postavljeni pariteti cena garancija su za stabilno stoÄarstvo. NaÅ”a dosadaÅ”nja iskustva u unapreÄenju stoÄarstva i ostvareni rezultati u svetu, transfer tehnologija, sve viÅ”e nas upuÄuju da je za brže ukupno poboljÅ”anje stoÄarstva neophodna bolje organizovana i pojaÄana struÄna i nauÄna infrastruktura. U Srbiji je 2010-godine i pored manjeg broja stoke proizvedeno ukupno 384.000 tona juneÄeg, svinjskog i jagnjeÄeg mesa, Å”to je za 3,3% viÅ”e nego u 2009. godini, odnosno 6,3 odsto viÅ”e nego Å”to je bila proseÄna proizvodnja od 2001. do 2009. godine. U Srbiji u 2010. bila manja proizvodnja goveÄeg, juneÄeg i teleÄeg mesa za 4,4 odsto i ovÄijeg i jagnjeÄeg mesa za 7,1 odsto, dok se za 6,8 odsto viÅ”e proizvodilo svinjsko. 2010-godine, u poreÄenju sa proseÄno ostvarenom proizvodnjom u periodu od 2001. do 2009. proizvedeno je viÅ”e svih vrsta mesa: svinjskog mesa za 3,1%, goveÄeg i juneÄeg mesa za 7,5, i ovÄijeg i jagnjeÄeg mesa za 15%. Sva domaÄinstva koja se ozbiljnije bave govedarskom proizvodnjom trebalo bi u narednom periodu organizovati kao gazdinstva za tržiÅ”nu proizvodnju mleka, gazdinstva za tržiÅ”nu proizvodnju tovne junadi i gazdinstva za kombinovanu tržiÅ”nu proizvodnju mleka i junadi za klanje. Osnovnu pažnju u programima razvoja ovÄarstva treba posvetiti porodiÄnom gazdinstvu i novim tehnologijama koje se bave intenziviranjem proizvodnje mesa, mleka i vune na farmama ovaca. Specijalizovani farmeri za meso, odnosno mleko treba da poseduju od 100-500 grla ovaca, kao i odgovarajuÄu infrastrukturu. Farmeri trojnog smera proizvodnje su tradicionalna domaÄinstva koja drže do 20 ili 50 ovaca. Njima treba obezbediti kvalitetan priplodni materijal i svaku drugu pomoÄ u cilju poveÄanja njihove proizvodnje. PorodiÄne farme bi u narednom desetogodiÅ”njem periodu trebale da drže 50 a zatim do 100 krmaÄa i tove 1000 i viÅ”e tovljenika. Sve to bi moglo dovesti do poveÄanja proizvodnje svinjskog mesa po proseÄnoj godiÅ”njoj stopi od 2 do 2,5%. Neophodno je odabrati najbolje farme kako bi se formirali elitni, umnožavajuÄi (reproduktivni) i proizvodni (komercijalni) zapati u piramidalnoj organizaciji proizvodnje priplodnih grla i tovljenika
MoguÄnosti stoÄarstva Srbije - perspektiva i buduÄnost
The paper describes the state of the livestock production in the Republic of Serbia including preliminary results from the 2012 census: according to preliminary data, 908.990 heads of cattle, 3.403.288 pigs, 1.729.278 sheep and 235.576 goats are reared in Serbia. Structural and institutional measures, and measures of credit support should be the main instruments for achieving the goals of progress in animal husbandry. Activities in the breeding-selection work should be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of international organizations (ICAR, INTERBULL, EAAP). One of the most important outcome of these activities should result in a level of over 80% of the total population of cattle, pigs, sheep and other species of domestic farm animals in Serbia included in the control of production performance (presently between 25 and 30%). Genetic improvement of cattle, sheep and pigs (milk, meat) is very complex. More efficient use of reproductive technologies (AI - artificial insemination and embryo transfer ET, etc.), also of methods for evaluation of breeding value of farm animals through new methods of evaluation of breeding value of cows and breeding bulls will contribute to faster genetic improvement of production traits of these species of domestic animals. New knowledge in mapping and gene transfer, marker assisted selection, in vitro embryo development, embryo cloning, sexing, etc., are improving rapidly, with new technologies being developed permanently. Breeding/improvement of cattle, sheep and pigs in through breeding - selection work should facilitate further improvement of fertility traits, growth rate, feed efficiency, carcass quality (higher percentage of muscle tissue in the body), the quality of milk and meat, resistance to disease and stress, etc.PoÄetkom 2013. godine dobijeni su preliminarni rezultati popisa poljoprivrede u Republici Srbiji, obavljenog 2012. godine. Ukupan broj goveda je 908.990, svinja 3.403.288, ovaca 1.729.278 i koza 235.576 grla.. PoveÄanje konkurentnosti stoÄarstva Srbije se može ostvariti kreiranjem uslova za tržiÅ”no okruženje i putem investicija, kako u znanje, tako i u opremu. Zbog toga strukturne i institucionalne mere, kao i mere kreditne podrÅ”ke treba da budu glavni instrumenti za ostvarenje ovog cilja. Aktivnosti u odgajivaÄko-selekcijskom radu treba da se sprovode u skladu sa preporukama meÄunarodnih organizacija (ICAR, INTERBULL, EAAP i druga). Jedan od najvažnijih rezultata ovog rada treba da prouzrokuje nivo od preko 80% ukupne populacije goveda, svinja, ovaca i ostalih vrsta domaÄih životinja u Srbiji bude obuhvaÄeno kontrolom proizvodnih svojstava (sada izmeÄu 25 i 30%). Status i ciljevi oplemenjivanja goveda u Srbiji. Genetsko unapreÄenje goveda (mleko,meso) je vrlo kompleksno. Efikasnije koriÅ”Äenje reproduktivnih tehnologija (VO-veÅ”taÄko osemenjavanje i ET-embriotransfer i dr.) i koriÅ”Äenje metoda za procenu odgajivaÄke vrednosti domaÄih životinja preko novih metoda ocene priplodnih vrednosti bikova i krava Äe doprineti bržem genetskom unapreÄenju mleÄnosti krava. Nova saznanja u mapiranju i transferu gena, selekciji preko markera, in vitro razvoju embriona, seksiranju i kloniranju embriona i dr. OdgajivaÄki ciljevi-simentalska rasa, proseÄna proizvodnja mleka u standardnoj laktaciji preko 6 000 kg; HolÅ”tajn frizijska rasa u standardnoj laktaciji preko 8 000 kg. Melezi iz ukrÅ”tanja domaÄih krava nižih proizvodnih sposobnosti i bikova tovnih rasa, francuskih, italijanskih, engleskih. OdgajivaÄki ciljevi ovakvog oplemenjivaÄkog rada i koriÅ”Äenje heterozis efekta je stvaranje takvih genotipova koji Äe omoguÄiti zavrÅ”nu telesnu masu meleza F1, junadi od preko 550 kg, proseÄni dnevni prirast u tovu preko 1500 g, randman toplih polutki preko 60%, sadržaj miÅ”iÄa u trupu od preko 65%. Status i ciljevi oplemenjivanja ovaca u Srbiji. Oplemenjivanje u cilju poveÄanja proizvodnje mesa treba da omoguÄi dobijanje jagnjadi sa veÄim dnevnim prirastom (preko 300 g), veÄe zavrÅ”ne mase tela sa 90 dana uzrasta (preko 28 kg), kao i veÄeg randmana trupa, viÅ”e od 58%). Problem prelaska na policikliÄnost i oplodnju ovaca u toku cele godine obavio bi se na dva naÄina: genetiÄki, koriÅ”Äenjem ukrÅ”tanja rasa koje manifestuju estrus izvan normalne sezone (dorzet horn, il de france i romanovska) primenom metoda stimulacije, tj. indukcijom i sinhronizacijom estrusa.Tako bi se stvorili uslovi za primenu intenzivnog sistema jagnjenja dva jagnjenja u jednoj godini odnosno tri jagnjenja u dve godine. Sistem jagnjenja, sistem ukrÅ”tanja, selekcija i linijsko odgajivanje, zatim skraÄenje post partum intervala i poveÄanje indeksa jagnjenja, kao i broja jagnjadi pri roÄenju, rano zaluÄenje jagnjadi, koriÅ”Äenje metode veÅ”taÄkog osemenjavanja, automatskih maÅ”ina za dojenje, odgajivanje jagnjadi uspeÅ”nom zamenom za mleko i tov jagnjedi od 30 - 45 kg sa 90 do 120 dana. Status i ciljevi oplemenjivanja svinja u Srbiji. Oplemenjivanje svinja u cilju unapreÄenja mesnatosti preko odgajivaÄko-selekciojskog rada treba da omoguÄi dalje poboljÅ”anje osobina plodnosti, brzine porasta, iskoriÅ”Äavanja hrane, kvaliteta trupa (veÄi procenat miÅ”iÄnog tkiva u trupu), kvaliteta mesa i otpornosti svinja na bolesti i stres. OdgajivaÄko-selekcijskim radom neophodno je: poveÄati genetski potencijal postojeÄih mesnatih rasa i meleza svinja, raditi na stvaranju linija unutar Äistih rasa primenom divergentne selekcije, kako bi se kasnije njihovim ukrÅ”tanjem ispoljivo veÄi heterozis efekat. Cilj selekcije treba da bude poveÄanje miÅ”iÄnog tkiva u najvrednijim delovima trupa: but, pleÄka i kare. OdgajivaÄki program u naÅ”oj zemlji predviÄa ukrÅ”tanje landrasa (Å”vedski, holandski,) i velikog jorkÅ”ira radi proizvodnje nazimica F1 generacije. One se posle toga ukrÅ”taju sa nerastovima treÄe rase (terminalna rasa nerastova: hempÅ”ir, durok, pietren, nemaÄki i belgijski landras) ili nerastovima F1 generacije. PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31053
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR DRYING OF SAWDUST IN A TRIPLE PASS ROTARY DRYER
Today, rotary dryers are often use to dry sawdust prior to their further processing, palletizing and briquetting, into commercially voluble product. This paper present mathematical model for drying process of sawdust particles in a triple pass rotary dryer. As basis for this model, we used existing mathematical models for drying of sawdust and other biological materials in a single pass rotary dryer, which are modified and extended in order to satisfy mathematical description of motion of material in the triple pass rotary dryer. Developed mathematical model is used as basis for further developing of the simulation model that predict temperature and moisture profile sawdust and drying along the dryer. In order to solve and validate developed rotary dryer model, commercial triple pass rotary dryer, installed in enterprise Panensa near town of Srbac, have been analysed, and measured sawdust drying data have been used for comparison. Comparison between predicted and the measured results were good. Mathematical model i.e. rotary dryer simulation model developed in this paper is going to enable better management and controlling of process in the mentioned commercial rotary dryer as well as in other rotary dryers for wood waste with modification of appropriate model parameters
UÄINAK NAÄINA HRANJENJA I VRSTE HRANE NA RAST PODLANICE (SPARUS AURATA L.) TIJEKOM ZIMSKOāPROLJETNOG RAZDOBLJA I MOGUÄI UTJECAJ NA POJAVU SINDROMA ZIMSKE BOLESTI
The influence of different feeding strategies on growth and incidence of winter disease syndrome in sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) was followed during winterāspring period. Fish were fed either extruded (48.9% protein, 14.2% lipid, group A) or compressed (53.5% protein, 10.3% lipid, group B) pellet from March to June. Two groups (A1 and B1) were deprived of food for two months (mid March to mid May) and thereafter refed until June. The weight gain of fish from groups A and A1 in June were 6% and 5%, respectively. For the group B the statistically insignificant (p<0.05) weight increase of 1% was recorded in June compared to the value of March. In the same period fish of group B1 exhibited significant (p<0.05) decrease in weight of 16.2%. The same group displayed the smallest condition index of 1.38 and hepatosomatic index of 1.28 after two months of starvation. The relative content of most amino acids in the whole body of fish from all groups showed only minor variations during the study. Decrease of the total amino acid content was recorded for fish of groups B and B1. Slight decrease in relative content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids was recorded for all groups in May compared to the values of March, whereas the content of polyunsaturates increased in all groups in the same period. Starvation did not influence the relative content of fatty acids in sea bream. Total mortality caused by Ā»winter diseaseĀ« syndrome for fish of groups A and B was 4.2% and 6.3%. Groups A1 and B1 exhibited mortality of 0.9% and 1.0%, respectively.Utjecaj razliÄitih naÄina hranjenja i vrste hrane, te pojava sindroma Ā»zimske bolestiĀ« (winter disease) u podlanice (Sparus aurata L.) praÄeni su u tijeku zimskoāproljetnog razdoblja. Riba je hranjena s ekstrudiranim peletom (48,9% proteini, 14,2% masti, grupa A) ili komprimiranim peletom (53,5% proteini, 10,3% masti, grupa B) od oāujka do lipnja. Dvije grupe (A1 i B1) bile su podvrgnute gladovanju u tijeku dva mjeseca (od sredine oāujka do sredine svibnja), a nakon tog razdoblja ponovno su hranjene do kraja pokusa. Dobitak na težini riba iz grupe A i A1 iznosio je 6%, odnosno 5%. Za grupu B utvrÄen je statistiÄki neznaÄajan (p<0,05) prirast od 1% u razdoblju od ožujka do lipnja. U istom periodu u riba iz grupe B1 zabilježen je znatan (p<0,05) pad teāine od 16,2%. Za istu je grupu utvrÄen i najmanji indeks kondicije od 1,38 i hepatosomatski indeks od 1,28 na kraju dvomjeseÄnog gladovanja. Relativna koliÄina veÄine aminokiselina odreÄena u cijeloj ribi kod svih grupa pokazivala je zanemarive varijacije tijekom istraživanja. Pad ukupnog sadržaja aminokiselina zabilježen je u grupi B i B1. Manje smanjenje relativne koliÄine zasiÄenih i mononezasiÄenih masnih kiselina utvrÄeno je za sve grupe riba u svibnju u usporedbi s oāujkom, dok je u istom razdoblju izmjeren porast relativne koliÄine polinezasiÄenih masnih kiselina. Gladovanje nije imalo utjecaja na promjene relativnog sastava masnih kiselina u podlanice tijekom studije. Ukupni mortalitet uzrokovan sindromom Ā»zimske bolestiĀ« u riba iz grupa A i B iznosio je 4,2%, odnosno 6,3%. Mortalitet riba u grupi A1 bio je 0,9%, a u grupi B1 1%
Treatment of osteoporosis alveolar bone with cobalt substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles
In this study nanocomposite was used for reconstruction of alveolar bone defect of mandible. Specifically, the main interest for the use of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications is that an inhomogeneous external magnetic field exerts a force on them, and thus they can be manipulated or transported to a specific diseased tissue by a magnetic field gradient. In addition, magnetic particles are of interest because they do not retain any magnetism after removal of the magnetic field. Specifically, inorganic biodegradable nanoparticles (including ceramics, like hydroxyapatite) will be functionalized with bioactive compounds that bond to bone of low mass. Extremely good results in the recovery of alveolar bone osteoporosis were achieved already after 6th week of the application of magnetic nanoparticles. After bonding specifically to osteoporotic bone and not healthy bone, magnetic nanoparticle systems will deliver bioactive compounds to locally increase bone mass. Implantation of magnetic nanoparticles will create bone construction and enable quick formation of new bone and become the material of choice for accelerated bone regeneration
Ispitivanje naslednosti fenotipova plodnosti i mleÄnosti simentalske rase goveda u Srbiji
Results of the effect of direct and indirect selection of quantitative traits of fertility and milk performance of first calving cows of Simmental breed in Serbia are presented. Investigation of genetic parameters of heritability (additive genetic variance in total phenotypic variability of quantitative traits) and analysis of milk traits was done in four breeding regions and several tenths of farms where 3980 daughters of 32 sires were housed and reared. Results of analysis were obtained by application of mathematical-statistical data analysis, using mixed models (Harvey, 1990). Mathematical-statistical analysis of data was done using linear methods, i.e. method of least squares (LS method). Based on obtained results it was established that bulls-sires and several paragenetic factors caused no significant variation of fertility traits in relation to general average (P (lt) 0.01). Quantitative milk traits of first calving cows, under the influence of breeding region, had significantly higher deviation from the general average (**P (lt) 0.01). Significant deviations (*P (lt) 0.05) were caused by year of calving on milk yield and yield of milk fat (4765.0 kg and milk fat 3.86%). Established heritability coefficients for reproductive traits were following: .102, .051 and .088, and milk traits .297, .207 and .197).Najbrojnija populacija goveda u Republici Srbiji pripada Simentalskoj rasi (oko 500.000 plotkinja ili viÅ”e od 80%). Ako se imaju u vidu tekuÄe promene u genetskom poboljÅ”anju goveda i veoma velikom napretku u tehnologijama reprodukcije, oÄigledno da Äe se sadaÅ”nji programi morati menjati i poboljÅ”avati. S obzirom na to, da je ekonomski znaÄaj reproduktivnih i osobina mleÄnosti visok neophodno je poznavanje pojedinih faktora koji utiÄu na plodnost i mleÄnost krava, a oni se dele na genetske i paragenetske. Uspeh u poboljÅ”anju plodnosti genetskim putem je dosta ograniÄen niskim vrednostima heritabiliteta, Å”to ne znaÄi da geni ne deluju na ovu osobinu, veÄ da je vrednost aditivne genetske varijacije mala. Naslednost, odnosno prouÄavanje aditivne genetske varijanse u ukupnoj fenotipskoj varijabilnosti kvantitativnih osobina, predstavlja deo najvažjnijih istraživanja sa glediÅ”ta stvaranja populacije goveda visokih genetskih potencijala i odabiranja roditeljskih parova buduÄih generacija. Vrednosti koeficijenata naslednosti za osobine plodnosti su pod uticajem razliÄitih faktora, kao Å”to su: genotip životinje, uzrast, intenzitet selekcije, metod odgajivanja, ambijentalni uslovi i dr. Cilj ovih istraživanja je bio da se ispitaju važniji genetski parametri plodnosti i mleÄnosti, odnosno naslednosti ovih kvantitativnih osobina radi izbora pravca i daljeg oplemenjivanja ove populacije. Prikupljeni podaci za analizu potiÄu iz Äetiri regiona - odgajivaÄka podruÄja u Srbiji. Istraživanja su ukljuÄila 3980 krava - prvotelki simentalske rase, kÄeri 32 bika - oca, koje su oteljene u periodu od Å”est godina (2002-2007). Sva ispitivana grla (krave - prvotelke) su držana vezano i slobodno u posedu privatnih farmera (od 8 do 65 grla po farmi) i bila su standardno hranjena, a razlike su bile u koliÄini, odnosu i kvalitetu kabaste i koncentrovane hrane (podruÄje gajenja). MatematiÄko-statistiÄka analiza podataka obavljena je primenom meÅ”ovitog modela najmanjih kvadrata (LS-Least Squares) primenom programa najmanjih kvadrata (LSMLMW), Harvey, (1990). RazliÄiti broj individua u pojedinim klasama kao i postojanje viÅ”e uticaja (podruÄje, godina telenja, sezona telenja, bikovi oÄevi) koji su delovali na ispoljavanje ispitivanih osobina, uslovio je analizu u kojoj je koriÅ”Äen metod najmanjih kvadrata. Bikovi-oÄevi i niz paragenetskih uticaja nisu prouzrokovali znaÄajno variranje osobina plodnosti u odnosu na opÅ”ti prosek (P (lt) 0.01). Kvantitativne osobine mleÄnosti krava prvotelki su pod uticajem odgajivaÄkog podruÄja imale visoko znaÄajno odstupanje od opÅ”teg proseka (**P (lt) 0.01). ZnaÄajna odstupanja (P (lt) 0.05) je izazvala godina telenja na prinos mleka i mleÄne masti. GodiÅ”nje doba poÄetka laktacije krava obuhvaÄenih naÅ”im istraživanjem pokazuje znaÄajna odstupanja prinosa mleka i mleÄne masti u odnosu na opÅ”ti prosek (P (lt) 0.01). Tako su junice oteljene u februaru , martu i aprilu imale znaÄajno i visoko znaÄajno viÅ”e mleka i mleÄne masti u odnosu na one koje su se otelile u drugim mesecima u godini. Ustanovljeni koeficijenti heritabiliteta reproduktivnih svojstava koji su dobijeni naÅ”im istraživanjem su imali niske vrednosti i bili su nižeg nivoa u odnosu na one koje su dobili PetroviÄ et al. (1998, 2001, 2006). Rezultati naslednosti osobina mleÄnosti dobijeni naÅ”im istraživanjima su bili viÅ”i u odnosu na koeficijente za iste osobine koje su objavili PaniÄ and VidoviÄ (2006), niži u odnosu na rezultate istraživanja PetroviÄ et al. (1999) and KapÅ” and Å pehar (2004) a u saglasnosti sa koeficijentima heritabiliteta koje su u turskoj populaciji simentalskih goveda ustanovili Ulek and Tekun (2006)
HOW CAN SMALL-SCALE EVENTS CONTRIBUTE to the TOURISM PROGRESS of AN UNDEVELOPED BORDER AREA? LESSON from EASTERN SERBIA
The study analyses the role and impact of the event "Danube Fair" (Eastern Serbia) in the tourism progress of the less-advantaged border area. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the significance of the role of events in the tourism development of rural settings and the attraction of domestic and foreign visitors with the specific offer of this part of Serbia. The tourism valorization of the event āDanube Fairā was done according to the geographical and economic criteria, and it was determined that it belongs to the category of regional events. In the paper, special attention was paid to the analysis of touristsā satisfaction with this event as a geographical criterion, especially in dependence with the visitorsā origin, since it is what the positioning of an event on the tourism market depends on, both on the local and on the international level. āDanube Fairā presents the example of a relatively small-scale event, which can become a basis of tourism growth, with proper valorization and affirmation of local products and services, and their introduction to the international tourism market. Ā© 2020 Editura Universitatii din Oradea. All rights reserved.17-22-07001-ŠŠŠAuthors would like to thank Russian Foundation for basic research for the financial support provided within the project No. 17-22-07001-ŠŠŠ (Complex algorithm for cultural regeneration of minor industrial cities within the context of agglomeration processes in Russia and Europe)
Kvantitativna analiza genetskog unapreÄenja fenotipova mleÄnosti krava Simentalske rase
Results of the effect of direct and indirect selection on quantitative properties of milk production of first calving Simmental cows in Serbia, are presented in the paper. Analysis of quantitative phenotypic parameters was carried out in four breeding regions and certain number of smaller farms where 1319 daughters of 13 bull sires were reared. Results of the analysis were obtained by application of mathematical-statistical data analysis, using mixed models (Harvey, 1990). Mathematical-statistical analysis of data was carried out using linear methods with fixed effect, through method of least squares (LS method), and for evaluation of bull breeding value mixed model of random bull sire effect was used (BLUP method). Based on obtained results it was established that analyzed breeding region has statistically highly significantly (**P (lt) 0.01.) caused deviations of production phenotypes from general average. Season and year of calving (*P (lt) 0.05.) have caused significant variations of production properties. .U radu su prikazani rezultati efekata direktne i indirektne selekcije kvantitativnih svojstava mleÄnosti krava-prvotelki simentalske rase goveda u Srbiji. Analiza kvanitativnih fenotipskih parametara je obavljena u Äetiri odgajivaÄka podruÄja i na viÅ”e desetina manjih farmi na kojima je držano i gajeno 1319 kÄeri, 13 bikova-oÄeva. Rezultati analize su dobijeni primenom matematiÄko-statistiÄke analize podataka, koriÅ”Äenjem meÅ”ovitih modela (Harvey, 1990). MatematiÄko-statistiÄka analiza podataka je obavljena koriÅ”Äenjem linearnih metoda sa fiksnim uticajem, preko metoda najmanjih kvadrata (LS metod) a za ocenu priplodne vrednosti bikova koriÅ”Äen je meÅ”oviti model sluÄajnog uticaja oca (BLUP metod).Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata ustanovljeno je da je odgajivaÄko podruÄje statistiÄki analizirano visoko znaÄajno (**P (lt) 0.01.) prouzrokovalo odstupanja proizvodnih fenotipova od opÅ”teg proseka. Sezona telenja i godina (*P (lt) 0.05.) su prouzrokovali znaÄajna variranja proizvodnih osobina. Rezultati odstupanja osobina proizvodnosti pod uticajem godine telenja ukazuju na pozitivne tendencije u poveÄanju prinosa mleka . ZnaÄajna odstupanja (P (lt) 0.05) je izazvala godina telenja i na prinos mleka i mleÄne masti. GodiÅ”nje doba poÄetka laktacije krava obuhvaÄenih naÅ”im istraživanjem pokazuje visokoznaÄajna odstupanja prinosa mleka i mleÄne masti u odnosu na opÅ”ti prosek (P (lt) 0.01). Tako su junice oteljene u februaru , martu i aprilu imale znaÄajno i visoko znaÄajno viÅ”e mleka i mleÄne masti u odnosu na one koje su se otelile u drugim mesecima u godini. Interakcija odgajivaÄkog podruÄja i sezone telenja je prouzrokovala visoko znaÄajna odstupanja prinosa mleka (**P (lt) 0.01), meÄutim nije bilo statistiÄkih znaÄajnih variranja sadržaja mleÄne masti. Prema analizi negativnih i pozitivnih BLUP reÅ”enja (priplodne vrednosti) za prinos 4%MKM formirana je ocena ranga prema kojoj je bik broj 13. najbolje ocenjen, a bik-otac br.9 bio je rangiran na poslednje mesto. Krave - prvotelke obuhvaÄene naÅ”im istraživanjem proizvele su 4868 kg mleka sa 183.03 kg mleÄne masti , odnosno 3.76% mle. mast i 4693kg 4%MKM. Rezultati dobijeni nasim istraživanjima su znaÄajno viÅ”i u odnosu na rezultate o mleÄnosti iste rase (Lazarevic R. i sar., 1986). viÅ”i od onih koje je ustanovio Petrovic M.M. i sar. (1997 i 2006). Dobijeni rezultati su u saglasnosti sa onima koje su dobili PetroviÄ M.D. i sar. (2005) i PanteliÄ i sar.(2008). NaÅ”i rezultati su pokazali da postoji pozitivan genetski trend u smislu kvantitaivnih osobina mleÄnosti domaÄih somentalskih krava. PoredeÄi naÅ”e rezultate i rezultate napred navedenih autora može se zakljuÄiti da se prinos mleka simentalskih krava (matiÄni zapat) u Srbiji godiÅ”nje uveÄava za najmanje 100 kg mleka po kravi (zavisno od genetike, podruÄja, odnosno tehnologija ishrane i držanja)
Air mycopopulations in PetrovskƔ klobƔsa producing facility
Different types of filamentous fungi periodically cause problems in small-scale facilities for traditional dry fermented sausages, such as PetrovskƔ klobƔsa from Vojvodina province (Serbia). Mould contamination can be observed during processing, ripening, and storage. Sausages may become spoiled due to visible mould colonies on the surface and off-flavours they produce. The most important - if mycotoxin production occurs it might promote a number of health disorders. Knowledge and control of filamentous fungi are, therefore, essential to produce sausages that satisfy the criteria of hygienic quality, sensorial characteristics, and food safety. The aim of this study was to survey mycoflora of a small-scale facility producing traditional dry fermented sausage - PetrovskƔ klobƔsa. The mould contamination of the air in processing unit and ripening chambers was investigated, in order to determine the important fungi in terms of spoilage of the products and ability to produce mycotoxins. The mould contamination of air in processing unit and ripening chambers examined was in range 0.22 - 1.89 log CFU/P.d. Isolated moulds belong to 6 genera: Aspergillus (3 species), Cladosporium (1 species), Eurotium (2 species), Fusarium (1 species), Penicillium (12 species) and Scopulariopsis (1 species). The most abundant were species of Penicillium genus, many of which are capable for mycotoxin production. The level and diversity of fungal contamination of air varied between samples, influenced by the general hygiene, the buildings, the airflow, the outdoor environments, and the time of year. This knowledge is crucial for the improvement of hygiene control systems in small-scale processing units
- ā¦