Data-Driven Constraint Handling in Multi-Objective Inductor Design

This paper analyses the multi-objective design of an inductor for a DC-DC buck converter. The core volume and total losses are the two competing objectives, which should be minimised while satisfying the design constraints on the required differential inductance profile and the maximum overheating. The multi-objective optimisation problem is solved by means of a population-based metaheuristic algorithm based on Artificial Immune Systems (AIS). Despite its effectiveness in finding the Pareto front, the algorithm requires the evaluation of many candidate solutions before converging. In the case of the inductor design problem, the evaluation of a configuration is time-consuming. In fact, a non-linear iterative technique (fixed point) is needed to obtain the differential inductance profile of the configuration, as it may operate in conditions of partial saturation. However, many configurations evaluated during an optimisation do not comply with the design constraint, resulting in expensive and unnecessary calculations. Therefore, this paper proposes the adoption of a data-driven surrogate model in a pre-selection phase of the optimisation. The adopted model should classify newly generated configurations as compliant or not with the design constraint. Configurations classified as unfeasible are disregarded, thus avoiding the computational burden of their complete evaluation. Interesting results have been obtained, both in terms of avoided configuration evaluations and the quality of the Pareto front found by the optimisation procedure

Physiological and biochemical analyses shed light on the response of sargassum vulgare to ocean acidification at different time scales

Studies regarding macroalgal responses to ocean acidification (OA) are mostly limited to short-term experiments in controlled conditions, which hamper the possibility to scale up the observations to long-term effects in the natural environment. To gain a broader perspective, we utilized volcanic CO2 vents as a “natural laboratory” to study OA effects on Sargassum vulgare at different time scales. We measured photosynthetic rates, oxidative stress levels, antioxidant contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, and activities of oxidative metabolic enzymes in S. vulgare growing at a natural acidified site (pH 6.7) compared to samples from a site with current pH (pH 8.2), used as a control one. These variables were also tested in plants transplanted from the control to the acidified site and vice-versa. After short-term exposure, photosynthetic rates and energy metabolism were increased in S. vulgare together with oxidative damage. However, in natural populations under long-term conditions photosynthetic rates were similar, the activity of oxidative metabolic enzymes was maintained, and no sign of oxidative damages was observed. The differences in the response of the macroalga indicate that the natural population at the acidified site is adapted to live at the lowered pH. The results suggest that this macroalga can adopt biochemical and physiological strategies to grow in future acidified oceans

Detection of nonpregnant cows and potential embryo losses by color Doppler ultrasound and interferon-stimulated gene expression in grazing dairy cows

Many studies have been conducted to estimate pregnancy losses between 19 and 34 d after artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cows managed under confinement-based systems, but few studies have examined embryo mortality during this interval in dairy cows managed under gazing systems. The objectives of this prospective cohort study were (1) to assess the diagnostic value of the corpus luteum (CL) blood perfusion (BP) evaluation by Doppler ultrasound (US) to detect nonpregnant cows at 19 to 20 d post-AI, and (2) to assess the rate of potential embryo mortality between 19 to 34 d post-AI. The CL-BP of all cows included in the study (n = 131) was examined on farm by power and color mode of Doppler US and later using an image processing software by a second evaluator. The endometrium thickness and echotexture were evaluated by B-mode US at the same visit to assess if the nonpregnancy diagnosis could be improved at 19 to 20 d post-AI by this additional diagnostic tool. Blood samples were obtained at 19 to 20 d post-AI for progesterone (P4) measurement by chemiluminescence and to determine the mRNA expression of ISG by real-time PCR. Pregnancy diagnosis based on embryo visualization was performed at 33 to 34 d post-AI by US B-mode. In parallel interpretation, ISG15 and MX2 mRNA expression in leukocytes [sensitivity (Se), 100%] were regarded as suitable biomarkers for early pregnancy and were selected for molecular characterization of pregnancy at 19 to 20 d post-AI. At 19 to 20 d post-AI, 61.1% of the cows had positive CL-BP by Doppler US (Se, 98.0%), 62.7% had ISG mRNA expression in leukocytes over the cutoff point (Se, 95.7%), and 50.8% were positive, based on the combination of ISG mRNA expression, CL-BP by Doppler US, and P4 concentration (Se, 100%), and were considered as possible pregnant. At 33 to 34 d, the pregnancy rate was 37.4% diagnosed by the B-mode US. Based on the expression of the selected biomarkers in cows with active CL, we found that 28.1% of the cows could have potentially lost their pregnancy between 19 and 34 d post-AI. The Doppler US color mode showed similar accuracy and a higher negative predictive value than the genes selected as biomarkers. The additional B-mode ultrasound evaluation of the uterine stratum vasculare and the endometrium thickness improved the diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, assessing the CL-BP by Doppler US allowed early detection of nonpregnant cows at 19 to 20 d post-AI. The combination of early CL-BP by Doppler US (d 19 to 20) with early embryo detection by B-mode US (d 33–34) could be used to facilitate earlier rebreeding of dairy cows

FIELD TRIAL AND NUMERICAL BACK-ANALYSIS OF SUCTION CAISSON EXTRACTION IN HONG KONG

ABSTRACT An in-situ push-out test was carried out on a 3.4m diameter, 12m high trial suction caisson to determine the ultimate uplift capacity and, in particular, the shaft friction that could be generated along the walls of the caisson. The test was performed in the south-eastern waters of Hong Kong in ground conditions comprising soft clay with alluvial sand at the caisson tip. Numerical back-analysis of test reveal that considerable suction was generated at the caisson base due to a combination of the relatively high rate of loading adopted in the test and the silty nature of the alluvium. Inferred friction values generated on the outside wall of the caisson are found to be in line with existing data reported in the literature

Effects of ocean acidification on invertebrate settlement at volcanic CO<inf>2</inf> vents

We present the first study of the effects of ocean acidification on settlement of benthic invertebrates and microfauna. Artificial collectors were placed for 1 month along pH gradients at CO2 vents off Ischia (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Seventy-nine taxa were identified from six main taxonomic groups (foraminiferans, nematodes, polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans and chaetognaths). Calcareous foraminiferans, serpulid polychaetes, gastropods and bivalves showed highly significant reductions in recruitment to the collectors as pCO2 rose from normal (336-341 ppm, pH 8.09-8.15) to high levels (886-5,148 ppm) causing acidified conditions near the vents (pH 7.08-7.79). Only the syllid polychaete Syllis prolifera had higher abundances at the most acidified station, although a wide range of polychaetes and small crustaceans was able to settle and survive under these conditions. A few taxa (Amphiglena mediterranea, Leptochelia dubia, Caprella acanthifera) were particularly abundant at stations acidified by intermediate amounts of CO2 (pH 7. 41-7.99). These results show that increased levels of CO2 can profoundly affect the settlement of a wide range of benthic organisms. © 2010 Springer-Verlag

Diagnosis of embryonic loss and very early detection of non-pregnant cows by Doppler ultrasound Summary

Los productores lecheros enfrentan grandes desafíos que amenazan los resultados económicos del sistema, siendo la eficiencia reproductiva uno de los principales factores para tener en cuenta. Para alcanzar el objetivo de un parto por año/vaca y mantener así la rentabilidad del tambo, es primordial lograr la mayor cantidad de vacas inseminadas en el menor tiempo posible. Tanto las vacas que fallan en la concepción como aquellas que padecen de pérdidas embrionarias son en las que hay que focalizar los esfuerzos para detectarlas e inseminarlas nuevamente en forma rápida y de esta manera acortar el intervalo de tiempo entre el parto y la nueva concepción. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron 1) validar la ultrasonografía (USG) Doppler para la detección de vacas no gestantes a los 19-20 d post-IA y 2) determinar las pérdidas embrionarias entre los 19 y 34 días de gestación en vacas de tambo. Al día 19-20 post IA, se evaluó la perfusión sanguínea del cuerpo lúteo (CL-FS) por USG Doppler en modo color y en modo power en todas las vacas ingresadas en el estudio (n= 131). En la misma visita también se evaluó la ecotextura uterina mediante USG en modo B para determinar si dicha evaluación podría aportar datos que mejoraran el diagnóstico de no-preñez al día 19-20 post IA. Además, se obtuvieron muestras de sangre para la medición de progesterona (P4) y para determinar la expresión de genes relacionados con la gestación temprana (genes estimulados por el interferón tau; ISG) mediante PCR en tiempo real. Finalmente se realizó el diagnóstico de gestación a los 33-34 d post-IA mediante USG en modo B. El modo Color de la USG Doppler mostró alta precisión para detectar vacuidad al pie de la vaca usando la categoría ≤1 (escala 0-4) en todos los cuadrantes del CL. La tasa de no-preñez diagnosticada USG Doppler a los 19-20 d post-IA fue de 38,9 % (51/131), mientras que el 62,6 % (82/131)Dairy producers face important challenges threatening the system's financial results, making reproductive efficiency one of the most important. To achieve the goal of a calving per cow/year and thus maintain the profitability of the dairy, it is essential to achieve a high number of inseminated cows in the shortest possible time. Cows that fail to conceive and those that suffer embryo loss are the ones that we should focus on detecting and inseminating them promptly, shortening the time interval between calving and new conception. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess the ultrasound (USG) Doppler for the detection of non-pregnant cows at 19- 20 d post-IA and 2) to determine the embryo loss between 19-34 d of pregnancy in dairy cows. In all cows included in the study (n=131), the corpus luteum (CL-FS) perfusion was assessed by the color and the power mode of the Doppler USG. In addition, the uterine echotexture was evaluated by USG mode B to predict if, including this information, the precision of the USG Doppler at 19-20 d post AI improved. At the same time, blood samples were collected to measure progesterone (P4) and to determine the expression of genes related to early pregnancy (interferon-stimulated genes; ISG) by real-time PCR. Finally, the pregnancy diagnosis was performed at 33-36 d after IA using USG mode B. Color mode showed higher precision in detecting non-pregnant cows using category ≤1 (scale 0-4) in all CL quadrants. The non-pregnancy rate at 19-20 d post-AI was 38,9% (51/131) by CL-FS Doppler USG. In contrast, the non-pregnancy rate at 33-34d post-AI was 62,6 (82/131) by B-mode USG based on the lack of embryo visualization. The presence of a thick endometrial layer and the visualization of the uterine stratum vascular at 19-20 d post-AI was related to the non-pregnancy diagnosis at 33-34 d post-AI (p1ng/ml at 19-20 d post-AI, we detected that 28,1% of the cows potentially lost the pregnancy between 19-34 d. Doppler USG allowed the detection of non-pregnant cows between 19-20 d post-AI, and the additional B-mode ultrasound evaluation of the uterine echo structure improved the detection of non-pregnant cows. The early diagnosis using these techniques is a valuable and quick tool to be implemented in resynchronization protocols to minimize open days.Fil: Lorenti, N. S.. Practica Privada; ArgentinaFil: Madoz, Laura Vanina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Teriogenología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rearte, Ramiro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Teriogenología; ArgentinaFil: Quintero Rodriguez, Luis Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Teriogenología; ArgentinaFil: Migliorisi, Ana Lorena. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Teriogenología; ArgentinaFil: Jaureguiberry, María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Teriogenología; ArgentinaFil: Gabler, C.. Freie Universität Berlin; AlemaniaFil: Drillich, M.. University of Veterinary Medicine; AustriaFil: de la Sota, Rodolfo Luzbel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Teriogenología; Argentin

Association between progesterone concentration and endometrial gene expression in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between progesterone concentration on Days 4 and 9 of the estrus cycle and endometrial transcriptome at Day 9 in lactating grazing dairy cows. Blood samples were obtained on Days 0, 4, and 9 for progesterone measurement by chemiluminescence. Cows were assigned to one of the following groups (n = 3 per group): cows with low physiological progesterone on Day 4, cows in anestrous, cows with high physiological progesterone on Day 4, and superovulated cows. Endometrial biopsy samples were obtained on Day 9 for RNA sequencing. Quality control and determination of differentially expressed genes (false discovery rate &lt;0.05) were determined using the edgeR package for R software. We identified 3,042 differentially expressed genes among the 4 groups. Cows having high physiological progesterone and superovulated cows showed high similarities and clustered apart from those in anestrus or having low physiological progesterone. Functional analysis using Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery revealed that endometrial genes upregulated by low progesterone concentration are enriched genes involved in the immune system and inflammatory response. Conversely, cows with high physiological progesterone concentration presented an endometrial transcriptome with similarities to cows with good genetic merit for fertility, showing upregulation of genes related to uterine relaxation–contraction, focal adhesion, GnRH signaling pathway, and epidermal growth factor–like related terms, suggesting a favorable embryo environment. In conclusion, our results support the concept that there is a threshold of progesterone concentration at the beginning of the luteal phase associated with endometrial expression of critical genes involved in the preparation of the uterine environment for embryo implantation.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Exchange of nutrients and oxygen across the sediment-water interface below a Sparus aurata marine fish farm in the north-western Mediterranean Sea

Purpose: This study analyzes the effects of aquaculture activities in open seawater in the north-western coastal waters of the Mediterranean Sea. It is the first of its kind to be based on benthic flux data gathered in situ below fish farms for this particular area. Materials and methods: Samples were collected on four sampling campaigns over a 1-year cycle under a Sparus aurata fish farm facility where benthic fluxes were measured in situ using light and dark benthic chambers. Bottom water and sediment samples were also collected. Data were compared to those for a nearby control station. Results and discussion: Significant differences were found (ANOVA, p < 0. 05) between concentrations of organic matter (OM), total phosphorus and redox potentials in sediments located under the cages and those of the control station. The consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO) by sediment and positive ammonium (NH4 +) fluxes was stimulated by OM content, with correlations of r = -0. 60 (p < 0. 01) and r = 0. 70 (p < 0. 01), respectively. The OM content of sediments was found to be consistently higher under the cages than at the control station, with the highest value (1. 8 ± 0. 7 %) under the cages observed during the early summer; values of DO and NH4 + fluxes were -64 ± 17 and 12. 7 ± 1. 0 mmol m-2 day-1, respectively. PO4 3- fluxes were consistently higher in the fish farm sediments (between 0. 58 and 0. 98 mmol m-2 day-1) than those observed at the control station. Nitrate (NO3 -) fluxes were found to be consistently negative due to denitrification occurring in the sediments and were related to the concentration of NO3 - in bottom waters (r = 0. 92, p < 0. 01). Si fluxes were shown to be associated with water temperature (r = 0. 59, p < 0. 05). Conclusions: The results imply that sediments located below cages accumulate organic matter originating from aquaculture activities, especially during summer months when this activity increases. Sediments undergo biogeochemical changes that mainly affect fluxes of DO, NH4 + and soluble reactive phosphorus, although these do not seem to have a significant impact on the quality of the water column due to the hydrodynamic characteristics of the area. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.We would like to thank the Caja del Mediterraneo for a predoctoral fellowship fund for this research and Antonio Asuncion Acuigroup Maremar manager for the facilities and support in conducting the study. The translation of this paper was funded by the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain. We are grateful for the valuable comments of the anonymous reviewers on previous versions of the manuscript.Morata Higón, T.; Sospedra, J.; Falco Giaccaglia, SL.; Rodilla Alama, M. (2012). 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