129 research outputs found

    Magnetization of rotating ferrofluids: the effect of polydispersity

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    The influence of polydispersity on the magnetization is analyzed in a nonequilibrium situation where a cylindrical ferrofluid column is enforced to rotate with constant frequency like a rigid body in a homogeneous magnetic field that is applied perpendicular to the cylinder axis. Then, the magnetization and the internal magnetic field are not longer parallel to each other and their directions differ from that of the applied magnetic field. Experimental results on the transverse magnetization component perpendicular to the applied field are compared and analyzed as functions of rotation frequency and field strength with different polydisperse Debye models that take into account the polydispersity in different ways and to a varying degree.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, to be published in Journal of Physics

    Magnetization of polydisperse colloidal ferrofluids: Effect of magnetostriction

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    We exploit magnetostriction in polydisperse ferrofluids in order to generate nonlinear responses, and apply a thermodynamical method to derive the desired nonlinear magnetic susceptibility. For an ideal gas, this method has been demonstrated to be in excellent agreement with a statistical method. In the presence of a sinusoidal ac magnetic field, the magnetization of the polydisperse ferrofluid contains higher-order harmonics, which can be extracted analytically by using a perturbation approach. We find that the harmonics are sensitive to the particle distribution and the degree of field-induced anisotropy of the system. In addition, we find that the magnetization is higher in the polydisperse system than in the monodisperse one, as also found by a recent Monte Carlo simulation. Thus, it seems possible to detect the size distribution in a polydisperse ferrofluid by measuring the harmonics of the magnetization under the influence of magnetostriction.Comment: 23 pages, 4 figures. To be accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

    Magnetic properties of colloidal suspensions of interacting magnetic particles

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    We review equilibrium thermodynamic properties of systems of magnetic particles like ferrofluids in which dipolar interactions play an important role. The review is focussed on two subjects: ({\em i}) the magnetization with the initial magnetic susceptibility as a special case and ({\em ii}) the phase transition behavior. Here the condensation ("gas/liquid") transition in the subsystem of the suspended particles is treated as well as the isotropic/ferromagnetic transition to a state with spontaneously generated long--range magnetic order.Comment: Review. 62 pages, 4 figure

    A ferrofluid based neural network: design of an analogue associative memory

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    We analyse an associative memory based on a ferrofluid, consisting of a system of magnetic nano-particles suspended in a carrier fluid of variable viscosity subject to patterns of magnetic fields from an array of input and output magnetic pads. The association relies on forming patterns in the ferrofluid during a trainingdphase, in which the magnetic dipoles are free to move and rotate to minimize the total energy of the system. Once equilibrated in energy for a given input-output magnetic field pattern-pair the particles are fully or partially immobilized by cooling the carrier liquid. Thus produced particle distributions control the memory states, which are read out magnetically using spin-valve sensors incorporated in the output pads. The actual memory consists of spin distributions that is dynamic in nature, realized only in response to the input patterns that the system has been trained for. Two training algorithms for storing multiple patterns are investigated. Using Monte Carlo simulations of the physical system we demonstrate that the device is capable of storing and recalling two sets of images, each with an accuracy approaching 100%.Comment: submitted to Neural Network

    Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung an der Parlamentsarbeit. Endbericht zum TA-Projekt

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    Der Deutsche Bundestag war frĂŒh einer der Vorreiter der Nutzung des Internets zur Beteiligung von BĂŒrgerinnen und BĂŒrgern an politischen Entscheidungen. Seit mehr als zehn Jahren erproben AusschĂŒsse und Kommissionen unterschiedliche Formate der Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung, die von der interaktiven Kommunikation in Onlineforen und sozialen Medien ĂŒber Konsultationen und die Mitarbeit an Dokumenten bis hin zu elektronischen Petitionen reichen. Den Ausgangspunkt des TAB-Berichts bildet die Arbeit der Enquete-Kommission »Internet und digitale Gesellschaft« des 17. Deutschen Bundestages, die als »Experimentierfeld« neue Formate der Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung an der Parlamentsarbeit erprobte, wie Livestreams von Sitzungen, einen Twitteraccount sowie die nach dem Prinzip der »Liquid Democracy« aufgebaute Beteiligungsplattform enquetebeteiligung.de. Vor dem Hintergrund der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion ĂŒber Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung analysiert der Bericht außerdem die Angebote der 18. Legislaturperiode des Bundestages. Im TAB-Bericht werden Prinzipien fĂŒr die Umsetzung von Onlinebeteiligungsangeboten beim Bundestag vorgestellt und Optionen einer behutsamen, sukzessiven Weiterentwicklung dieser Angebote diskutiert, die sowohl Experimente als auch die Weiterentwicklung etablierter Verfahren umfassen. Inhalt Zusammenfassung 9 I. Einleitung 25 II. BĂŒrgerbeteiligung im Spiegel der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion 33 1. Internetnutzung beim Deutschen Bundestag zur Kommunikation mit der Öffentlichkeit 33 2. Allgemeine Entwicklung der Onlineangebote und der Internetnutzung der Bevölkerung 36 3. Entwicklung der Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung 38 3.1 Systematik unterschiedlicher Formen der (Online-)BĂŒrgerbeteiligung 38 3.2 Entwicklung des Angebots in Deutschland 41 3.3 Internationaler Stand der Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung 48 4. Nutzung der Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung durch die Bevölkerung 57 5. Aktuelle Diskussionslinien zur Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung 61 6. Gelingenskriterien der Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung 64 6.1 Ableitung aus den Zielen von Beteiligungsverfahren 64 6.2 Entwicklung eines Instruments zur Bewertung von Onlinebeteiligungsangeboten 66 III. Experimentierfeld BĂŒrgerbeteiligung: die Enquete-Kommission »Internet und digitale Gesellschaft« des 17. Deutschen Bundestages 77 1. EinfĂŒhrung und Überblick 77 1.1 Aufgaben von Enquete-Kommissionen 78 1.2 Themenspektrum und Arbeitsprozess der Internet-Enquete 79 1.3 Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung als Experimentierfeld 81 2. Instrumente der Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung der Internet-Enquete 85 2.1 BĂŒrgerbeteiligung in der ersten Arbeitsphase der Internet-Enquete 85 2.2 BĂŒrgerbeteiligung in der zweiten Arbeitsphase der Internet-Enquete: enquetebeteiligung.de 93 2.3 Onlinebeteiligung am Beispiel von Twitter und des Hashtags #eidg 106 3. Einordnung der Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung durch Prozessbeteiligte 111 3.1 Internet-Enquete in Zwischen- und Schlussberichten 111 3.2 EinschĂ€tzungen von Prozessbeteiligten 114 3.3 Einordnung der Internet-Enquete aus der Außensicht 119 IV. Weitere Angebote zur Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung beim 17. und 18. Deutschen Bundestag 121 1. Ausschuss Digitale Agenda des 18. Deutschen Bundestages 122 1.1 EinfĂŒhrung und Überblick 122 1.2 Onlineforum des Ausschusses (Onlinebeteiligungstool) 125 1.3 Twitter – Hashtag #btADA 128 1.4 Einordnung der Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung durch Ausschussmitglieder 129 1.5 ResĂŒmee zur Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung des Ausschusses 130 2. Kommission Lagerung hoch radioaktiver Abfallstoffe 132 2.1 EinfĂŒhrung und Überblick 132 2.2 Instrumente der Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung der Endlagerkommission 139 2.3 ResĂŒmee zur Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung der Endlagerkommission 159 3. Jugendportal mitmischen.de 161 3.1 EinfĂŒhrung und Überblick 161 3.2 Profil im sozialen Netzwerk Facebook 163 3.3 Onlineforum auf mitmischen.de 164 3.4 ResĂŒmee zur Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung beim Jugendportal mitmischen.de 167 4. Dynamik von außen: die Onlineplattform des Petitionsausschusses (seit 2005) 168 4.1 EinfĂŒhrung und Überblick, Vorarbeiten des TAB 168 4.2 Öffentliche Petitionen beim Deutschen Bundestag 169 4.3 Zivilgesellschaftliche Portale und die öffentlichen Petitionen des Deutschen Bundestages 177 4.4 ResĂŒmee zur Petitionsplattform des Petitionsausschusses 181 V. Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung aus der Sicht von Stakeholdern und aus rechtlicher Perspektive 183 1. Die Sicht der Stakeholder – Ergebnisse der Befragung des Stakeholder Panels TA 183 1.1 Überblick und RĂŒcklauf 183 1.2 Ergebnisse der Onlinebefragung 184 2. Rechtliche Aspekte von Onlinebeteiligungsangeboten des Deutschen Bundestages mit Blick auf soziale Medien 196 VI. Gestaltungs- und Entwicklungsoptionen der OnlineBĂŒrgerbeteiligung beim Deutschen Bundestag 201 1. GegenwĂ€rtiger Stand der Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung 201 1.1 Angebote beim Deutschen Bundestag 201 1.2 Wissenschaftliche und öffentliche Diskussion zur Rolle von Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung an der Parlamentsarbeit 203 2. Technische und gestalterische Umsetzung von Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung 205 3. Gestaltung der Rahmenbedingungen beim Deutschen Bundestag 214 3.1 Personelle Ressourcen der Bundestagsverwaltung 214 3.2 Personelle und finanzielle Ressourcen der Fraktionen und der AbgeordnetenbĂŒros 215 3.3 Zusammenarbeit mit Dienstleistungsunternehmen 215 3.4 Zusammenarbeit mit sozialen Netzwerken und zivilgesellschaftlichen Plattformen 216 4. Optionen der weiteren Entwicklung der Online-BĂŒrgerbeteiligung 217 5. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf 219 Literatur 221 1. In Auftrag gegebene Gutachten 221 2. Weitere Literatur 221 Anhang 233 1. Abbildungen 233 2. Tabellen 23

    Buckling of paramagnetic chains in soft gels

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    Hydrodynamic interactions in colloidal ferrofluids: A lattice Boltzmann study

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    We use lattice Boltzmann simulations, in conjunction with Ewald summation methods, to investigate the role of hydrodynamic interactions in colloidal suspensions of dipolar particles, such as ferrofluids. Our work addresses volume fractions ϕ\phi of up to 0.20 and dimensionless dipolar interaction parameters λ\lambda of up to 8. We compare quantitatively with Brownian dynamics simulations, in which many-body hydrodynamic interactions are absent. Monte Carlo data are also used to check the accuracy of static properties measured with the lattice Boltzmann technique. At equilibrium, hydrodynamic interactions slow down both the long-time and the short-time decays of the intermediate scattering function S(q,t)S(q,t), for wavevectors close to the peak of the static structure factor S(q)S(q), by a factor of roughly two. The long-time slowing is diminished at high interaction strengths whereas the short-time slowing (quantified via the hydrodynamic factor H(q)H(q)) is less affected by the dipolar interactions, despite their strong effect on the pair distribution function arising from cluster formation. Cluster formation is also studied in transient data following a quench from λ=0\lambda = 0; hydrodynamic interactions slow the formation rate, again by a factor of roughly two

    Magnetism, FeS colloids, and Origins of Life

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    A number of features of living systems: reversible interactions and weak bonds underlying motor-dynamics; gel-sol transitions; cellular connected fractal organization; asymmetry in interactions and organization; quantum coherent phenomena; to name some, can have a natural accounting via physicalphysical interactions, which we therefore seek to incorporate by expanding the horizons of `chemistry-only' approaches to the origins of life. It is suggested that the magnetic 'face' of the minerals from the inorganic world, recognized to have played a pivotal role in initiating Life, may throw light on some of these issues. A magnetic environment in the form of rocks in the Hadean Ocean could have enabled the accretion and therefore an ordered confinement of super-paramagnetic colloids within a structured phase. A moderate H-field can help magnetic nano-particles to not only overcome thermal fluctuations but also harness them. Such controlled dynamics brings in the possibility of accessing quantum effects, which together with frustrations in magnetic ordering and hysteresis (a natural mechanism for a primitive memory) could throw light on the birth of biological information which, as Abel argues, requires a combination of order and complexity. This scenario gains strength from observations of scale-free framboidal forms of the greigite mineral, with a magnetic basis of assembly. And greigite's metabolic potential plays a key role in the mound scenario of Russell and coworkers-an expansion of which is suggested for including magnetism.Comment: 42 pages, 5 figures, to be published in A.R. Memorial volume, Ed Krishnaswami Alladi, Springer 201

    Magnetism, entropy, and the first nano-machines

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    The efficiency of bio-molecular motors stems from reversible interactions ∌\sim kBTk_B T; weak bonds stabilizing intermediate states (enabling directdirect conversion of chemical into mechanical energy). For their (unknown) origins, we suggest that a magnetically structured phase (MSP) formed via accretion of super-paramagnetic particles (S-PPs) by magnetic rocks on the Hadean Ocean floor had hosted motor-like diffusion of ligand-bound S-PPs through its template-layers; its ramifications range from optical activity to quantum coherence. A gentle flux gradient offers both detailed-balance breaking non-equilibrium and asymmetryasymmetry to a magnetic dipole, undergoing infinitesimal spin-alignment changes. Periodic perturbation of this background by local H-fields of template-partners can lead to periodic high and low-template affinity states, due to the dipole's magnetic degree of freedom. An accompanying magnetocaloric effect allows interchange between system-entropy and bath temperature. We speculate on a magnetic reproducer in a setting close to the mound-scenario of Russell and coworkers that could evolve bio- ratchets.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figur

    Bioinformatic Characterization of P-Type ATPases Encoded Within the Fully Sequenced Genomes of 26 Eukaryotes

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    P-type ATPases play essential roles in numerous processes, which in humans include nerve impulse propagation, relaxation of muscle fibers, secretion and absorption in the kidney, acidification of the stomach and nutrient absorption in the intestine. Published evidence suggests that uncharacterized families of P-type ATPases with novel specificities exist. In this study, the fully sequenced genomes of 26 eukaryotes, including animals, plants, fungi and unicellular eukaryotes, were analyzed for P-type ATPases. We report the organismal distributions, phylogenetic relationships, probable topologies and conserved motifs of nine functionally characterized families and 13 uncharacterized families of these enzyme transporters. We have classified these proteins according to the conventions of the functional and phylogenetic IUBMB-approved transporter classification system (www.tcdb.org, Saier et al. in Nucleic Acids Res 34:181–186, 2006; Nucleic Acids Res 37:274–278, 2009)
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