640 research outputs found

    Modélisation du devenir des produits organiques industriels en milieu aquatique - Revue bibliographique

    Get PDF
    La nécessité de connaître aussi bien que possible l'impact des produits rejetés dans l'environnement a conduit à la mise au point de modèles mathématiques permettant de mieux comprendre le devenir des produits et de prédire l'exposition à laquelle pourra étre soumis l'environnement.Le présent article fait le point des différents modèles publiés pour ce qui concerne le milieu aquatique et suggère différents critères permettant de classer les modèles suivant une complexité croissante.Reprenant la terminologie de MACKAY (1979), 4 types de modèles sont décrits :- modèles homogènes, équilibrés, conservatifs et stationnaires,- modèles homogènes, non-équilibrés, non-conservatifs et stationnaires,- modèles homogènes, non-équilibrés, non-conservatifs et non-stationnaires,- modèles de dispersion.Assessing the hazard of a chemical to aquatic life is based on comparing the exposure concentration and the « no effects » concentration. The Greater the ratio between these two concentrations, called the margin of safety, the smaller the hazard to aquatic life.For chemicals already in the environment, monitoring programs can lead to an estimate of the exposure concentrations, but for new chemicals, predictive methods are necessary. This leads to the development of mathematical models which give an estimate of the environmental concentrations front the characteristics of the environment, of the chemical and of the quantity released in the environment.This article gives an overview of the different models which have been already published and suggests a classification based on the following criteria :- number of compartments,- closed or open system,- the degradation of the chemical is or is not taken into account,- an equilibrium has or has not been achieved between the compartments,- the situation is or is not at steady-state.Based on these criteria and quoting MACKAY (1979), four types of models are described :- Homogeneous, equilibrium, conservative and steady-state models,- Homogeneous, non-equilibrium, non-conservative and steady-state models,- Homogeneous, non-equilibrium, non-conservative and unsteady-state models,- Dispersion models.A review of these models applied to artificial or natural ecosystems la presented showing the extent to which these models have beau validated.These models are used not only to predict the exposure concentrations but they also help towards understanding the different phenomena which can affect the fate of a chemical. They allow to identify the mort important phenomena and those which have to be extensively studied. They are also useful for organizing experiments.However and though they are more and more used, these models have still to be improved since several fundamental phenomena, such as the sediment/water exchanges, are still badly understood

    N011 Culture et délivrance au niveau du tissu cardiaque de cardiomyocytes issus de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines au moyen de matrices tridimensionelles poreuses à base de polysaccharides

    Get PDF
    Un intérêt particulier a été porté ces dernières années à la thérapie cellulaire réparatrice cardiaque. Les cellules souches embryonnaires humaines (hES) sont une source prouvée de cardiomyocytes et les premières données in vivo suggèrent leurs capacités fonctionnelles à type d’effet pacemaker ou réparatrices d’infarctus du myocarde. Nous avons étudié un mode de délivrance des cellules hES dans le tissu cardiaque basé sur une matrice 3D servant de support à la fois pour la culture des cellules et pour leur implantation au contact du myocarde.Des matrices poreuses de polysaccharides (pullulane et dextrane) ont été préparées par réticulation chimique permettant de réaliser des films avec des pores de 100 à 200 microns. Les matrices ont été recouvertes de différentes protéines; les cellules hES indifférenciées ont été cultivées sur fibroblastes murins, en milieu supplémenté avec du sérum knock-out et du FGF2. Dans une première partie in vitro, nous avons mis en évidence par q-RT-PCR, observation microscopique et imagerie confocale, la différenciation en cardiomyocytes de cellules hES directement cultivées dans les matrices en présence d’un milieu inducteur de différentiation; les matrices permettaient aussi la culture, l’expansion et la survie à long terme de parties battantes obtenues à partir de corps embryoïdes issus d’hES et isolées manuellement. Nous avons ensuite étudié le devenir des cellules hES dans un modèle de lésions cardiaques par dépôt de films poreux cellularisés sur les cœurs infarcis de souris NOD SCID. L’identification est confirmée pour les cardiomyocytes issus d’ES d’une lignée de cellules hES H9 GFP+ ainsi que d’une lignée de cellules hES dans laquelle l’expression de la GFP est sous contrôle d’un promoteur spécifique du tissu cardiaque, Nkx2.5. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence la migration des cellules ES à différents stades de différenciation à partir des matrices 3D vers les souris NOD SCID ainsi que leur différenciation en cardiomyocytes. Les données de PCR quantitative sur la base du transgène GFP mettent en évidence une meilleure survie des ES délivrées par l’intermédiaire des matrices 3D en comparaison avec une administration directe. Une étude fonctionnelle comparative est en cours

    Comparative investigation of CeNiSn 2

    Full text link

    Long term surgical results of 154 petroclival meningiomas: A retrospective multicenter study

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND: Outcomes of petroclival meningiomas (PCM) (morbidity, permanent cranial nerves deficit, tumor removal and recurrence) are inconsistent in the literature, making it a challenge to predict surgical morbidity. METHODS: A multicenter study of patients with PCMs larger than 2.5cm between 1984 and 2017 was conducted. The authors retrospectively reviewed the patients\u27 medical records, imaging studies and pathology reports to analyze presentation, surgical approach, neurological outcomes, complications, recurrence rates and predictive factors. RESULTS: There were 154 patients. The follow-up was 76.8 months on average (range 8-380 months). Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 40 (26.0%) patients, subtotal resection (STR) in 101 (65.6%), and partial resection in 13 (8.3%). Six (2.6%) perioperative deaths occurred. The 5-year, 10-year and 15-year progression-free survival (PFS) of GTR and STR with radiation therapy (RT) was similar (100%, 90% and 75%). PFS of STR without adjuvant radiation was associated with progression in 71%, 51% and 31%, respectively. Anterior petrosectomy and combined petrosectomy were associated with higher postoperative CN V and CN VI deficits compared to the retrosigmoid approach. The latter had a significantly higher risk of CN VII, CN VIII and LCN deficit. Temporal lobe dysfunction (seizure and aphasia) were significantly associated with the anterior petrosectomy approach. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that optimal subtotal resection of PCMs associated with postoperative RT or stereotactic radiosurgery results in long-term tumor control to equivalent radical surgery. Case selection and appropriate intraoperative judgement are required to reduce the morbidity

    Plant height and hydraulic vulnerability to drought and cold

    Get PDF
    Understanding how plants survive drought and cold is increasingly important as plants worldwide experience dieback with drought in moist places and grow taller with warming in cold ones. Crucial in plant climate adaptation are the diameters of water-transporting conduits. Sampling 537 species across climate zones dominated by angiosperms, we find that plant size is unambiguously the main driver of conduit diameter variation. And because taller plants have wider conduits, and wider conduits within species are more vulnerable to conduction-blocking embolisms, taller conspecifics should be more vulnerable than shorter ones, a prediction we confirm with a plantation experiment. As a result, maximum plant size should be short under drought and cold, which cause embolism, or increase if these pressures relax. That conduit diameter and embolism vulnerability are inseparably related to plant size helps explain why factors that interact with conduit diameter, such as drought or warming, are altering plant heights worldwide

    Magnetic phases of the quasi-two-dimensional compounds FexCo1 - xTa2O6

    No full text
    International audienceWe report new results on the magnetic properties of the FexCo1 - xTa2O6 series of compounds. Essentially using neutron-diffraction and magnetic measurements we study, in more detail, the low-x limit of the temperature versus x phase diagram, where a new bicritical point is observed. The complete phase diagram shows three different magnetic phases at low temperature, for a high, intermediate and very low iron content. These phases consist of distinct antiferromagnetic orderings, characterized by different pairs of propagation vectors. We obtain information about the intraplane exchange interactions by fitting a high-temperature series of the magnetic susceptibility. Here we improve on a previously employed model, showing that two non-equivalent next-nearest-neighbor interactions must be taken into account in order to allow for in-plane magnetic orderings that are consistent with the neutron-diffraction results

    Utilization of a deoxynucleoside diphosphate substrate by HIV reverse transcriptase

    Get PDF
    Background: Deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) are the normal substrates for DNA sysnthesis is catalyzed by polymerases such as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). However, substantial amounts of deoxynucleoside diphosphates (dNDPs) are also present in the cell. Use of dNDPs in HIV-1 DNA sysnthesis could have significant implications for the efficacy of nucleoside RT inhibitors such as AZT which are first line therapeutics fro treatment of HIV infection. Our earlier work on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) suggested that the interaction between the γ phosphate of the incoming dNTP and RT residue K65 in the active site is not essential for dNTP insertion, implying that this polymerase may be able to insert dNPs in addition to dNTPs. Methodology/Principal Findings: We examined the ability of recombinant wild type (wt) and mutant RTs with substitutions at residue K65 to utilize a dNDP substrate in primer extension reactions. We found that wild type HIV-1 RT indeed catalyzes incorporation of dNDP substrates whereas RT with mutations of residue K645 were unable to catalyze this reaction. Wild type HIV-1 RT also catalyzed the reverse reaction, inorganic phosphate-dependent phosphorolysis. Nucleotide-mediated phosphorolytic removal of chain-terminating 3′-terminal nucleoside inhibitors such as AZT forms the basis of HIV-1 resistance to such drugs, and this removal is enhanced by thymidine analog mutations (TAMs). We found that both wt and TAM-containing RTs were able to catalyze Pi-mediated phosphorolysis of 3′-terminal AZT at physiological levels of Pi with an efficacy similar to that for ATP-dependent AZT-excision. Conclusion: We have identified two new catalytic function of HIV-1 RT, the use of dNDPs as substrates for DNA synthesis, and the use of Pi as substrate for phosphorolytic removal of primer 3′-terminal nucleotides. The ability to insert dNDPs has been documented for only one other DNA polymerase The RB69 DNA polymerase and the reverse reaction employing inorganic phosphate has not been documented for any DNA polymerase. Importantly, our results show that Pi-mediated phosphorolysis can contribute to AZT resistance and indicates that factors that influence HIV resistance to AZT are more complex than previously appreciated. © 2008 Garforth et al

    Association between symptoms of attention-deficit//hyperactivity disorder and bulimic behaviors in a clinical sample of severely obese adolescents

    Get PDF
    Objective: Preliminary evidence suggests a comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity. This study was carried out to identify the clinical characteristics of obese adolescents with a higher probability of ADHD and advance the understanding of the potential factors underlying the comorbidity between obesity and ADHD. We evaluated the association between ADHD symptoms and bulimic behaviors, depressive and anxiety symptoms, degree of obesity, pubertal stage, age and gender in a clinical sample of obese adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: Ninety-nine severely obese adolescents aged 12-17 years. Measurements: Subjects filled out the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh, the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Their parents completed the Conners Parent Rating Scale, which assesses ADHD symptoms. The degree of overweight was expressed as body mass index-z score. Puberty development was clinically assessed on the basis of Tanner stages. Results: Bulimic behaviors were significantly associated with ADHD symptoms after controlling for depressive and anxiety symptoms. The degree of overweight, pubertal stage, age and gender were not significantly associated with ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: Obese adolescents with bulimic behaviors may have a higher probability to present with ADHD symptoms independently from associated depressive or anxiety symptoms. The degree of overweight, pubertal stage, age and gender might not be useful for detecting obese adolescents with ADHD symptoms. Therefore, we suggest systematic screening for ADHD in obese adolescents with bulimic behaviors. Further studies are needed to understand which specific dimension of ADHD primarily accounts for the association with bulimic behaviors. Future research should also investigate the causal link between bulimic behaviors and ADHD and explore potential common neurobiological alterations. This may lead to a better understanding of the effectiveness of stimulants for the treatment of bulimic behaviors in obese subjects
    • …
    corecore