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A new method for estimating the turbulent heat flux at the bottom of the daily mixed layer
A new method is presented for estimating the vertical turbulent heat flux at the bottom of the daily mixed layer from the temperature data in the mixed layer and net solar irradiance data at the sea surface. We assume that fluctuations in the divergence of advective heat flux have longer than daily time scales. The method is applied to data from the eastern tropical Pacific, where the daily cycle in the temperature field is confined to the upper 10-25 m. The night-to-day difference of the turbulent heat flux calculated from the data obtained during nine daily cycles in November 1984 agrees well on average with the same quantity estimated from microstructure observations. The night-to-day difference of the turbulent heat flux, estimated at several mooring stations near the equator (an average over 100 to 300 daily cycles), varies from 120 to 220 W/mĀ² with larger values on the equator. Equatorial turbulence measurements show that the turbulent heat flux is much larger during nighttime than daytime. Therefore the present estimates give approximately the nighttime average, which is the major part of the turbulent heat flux. From the daytime heat budget we obtain divergence of the low-frequency horizontal heat advection at 1Ā°30āS, 140Ā°W; it is governed by equatorial mesoscale fluctuations having a predominant period of 15-20 days
Eddy activities of the surface layer in the western North Pacific detected by satellite altimeter and radiometer
The WOCEāera 3āD Pacific Ocean circulation and heat budget
Author Posting. Ā© The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Progress In Oceanography 82 (2009): 281-325, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.08.002.To address questions concerning the intensity and spatial structure of the 3ādimensional
circulation within the Pacific Ocean and the associated advective and diffusive property flux
divergences, data from approximately 3000 highāquality hydrographic stations collected on
40 zonal and meridional cruises have been merged into a physically consistent model. The
majority of the stations were occupied as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment
(WOCE), which took place in the 1990s. These data are supplemented by a few preāWOCE
surveys of similar quality, and timeāaveraged directāvelocity and historical hydrographic
measurements about the equator.
An inverse box model formalism is employed to estimate the absolute alongāisopycnal
velocity field, the magnitude and spatial distribution of the associated diapycnal flow and
the corresponding diapycnal advective and diffusive property flux divergences. The resulting
largeāscale WOCE Pacific circulation can be described as two shallow overturning cells
at midā to low latitudes, one in each hemisphere, and a single deep cell which brings abyssal
waters from the Southern Ocean into the Pacific where they upwell across isopycnals and
are returned south as deep waters. Upwelling is seen to occur throughout most of the basin
with generally larger dianeutral transport and greater mixing occurring at depth. The derived
pattern of ocean heat transport divergence is compared to published results based
on airāsea flux estimates. The synthesis suggests a strongly east/west oriented pattern of
airāsea heat flux with heat loss to the atmosphere throughout most of the western basins,
and a gain of heat throughout the tropics extending poleward through the eastern basins.
The calculated meridional heat transport agrees well with previous hydrographic estimates.
Consistent with many of the climatologies at a variety of latitudes as well, our meridional
heat transport estimates tend toward lower values in both hemispheres.This work was funded by National Science Foundation grants OCEā9710102, OCEā
9712209 and OCEā0079383, and also benefited from work on closely related projects funded
by NSF grants OCEā0223421 and OCEā0623261, and NOAA grant NA17RJ1223 funded
through CICOR. For G.C.J. NASA funding came under Order Wā19,314
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