Diabetic Csf1op/op Mice Lacking Macrophages Are Protected Against the Development of Delayed Gastric Emptying

Background & AimsDiabetic gastroparesis is associated with changes in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), neurons, and smooth muscle cells in both animal models and humans. Macrophages appear to be critical to the development of cellular damage that leads to delayed gastric emptying (GE), but the mechanisms involved are not well understood. Csf1op/op (Op/Op) mice lack biologically active Csf1 (macrophage colony stimulating factor), resulting in the absence of Csf1-dependent tissue macrophages. We used Csf1op/op mice to determine the role of macrophages in the development of delayed GE.MethodsAnimals were injected with streptozotocin to make them diabetic. GE was determined weekly. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify macrophages and ICC networks in the gastric muscular layers. Oxidative stress was measured by serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to measure levels of mRNA.ResultsCsf1op/op mice had normal ICC. With onset of diabetes both Csf1op/op and wild-type Csf1+/+ mice developed increased levels of oxidative stress (75.8 ± 9.1 and 41.2 ± 13.6 nmol/mL MDA, respectively). Wild-type Csf1+/+ mice developed delayed GE after the onset of diabetes (4 of 13) whereas no diabetic Csf1op/op mouse developed delayed GE (0 of 15, P = .035). The ICC were disrupted in diabetic wild-type Csf1+/+ mice with delayed GE but remained normal in diabetic Csf1op/op mice.ConclusionsCellular injury and development of delayed GE in diabetes requires the presence of muscle layer macrophages. Targeting macrophages may be an effective therapeutic option to prevent cellular damage and development of delayed GE in diabetes

Changes in the gastric enteric nervous system and muscle: A case report on two patients with diabetic gastroparesis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The pathophysiological basis of diabetic gastroparesis is poorly understood, in large part due to the almost complete lack of data on neuropathological and molecular changes in the stomachs of patients. Experimental models indicate various lesions affecting the vagus, muscle, enteric neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) or other cellular components. The aim of this study was to use modern analytical methods to determine morphological and molecular changes in the gastric wall in patients with diabetic gastroparesis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Full thickness gastric biopsies were obtained laparoscopically from two gastroparetic patients undergoing surgical intervention and from disease-free areas of control subjects undergoing other forms of gastric surgery. Samples were processed for histological and immunohistochemical examination.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Although both patients had severe refractory symptoms with malnutrition, requiring the placement of a gastric stimulator, one of them had no significant abnormalities as compared with controls. This patient had an abrupt onset of symptoms with a relatively short duration of diabetes that was well controlled. By contrast, the other patient had long standing brittle and poorly controlled diabetes with numerous episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis and frequent hypoglycemic episodes. Histological examination in this patient revealed increased fibrosis in the muscle layers as well as significantly fewer nerve fibers and myenteric neurons as assessed by PGP9.5 staining. Further, significant reduction was seen in staining for neuronal nitric oxide synthase, heme oxygenase-2, tyrosine hydroxylase as well as for c-KIT.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that poor metabolic control is associated with significant pathological changes in the gastric wall that affect all major components including muscle, neurons and ICC. Severe symptoms can occur in the absence of these changes, however and may reflect vagal, central or hormonal influences. Gastroparesis is therefore likely to be a heterogeneous disorder. Careful molecular and pathological analysis may allow more precise phenotypic differentiation and shed insight into the underlying mechanisms as well as identify novel therapeutic targets.</p

Ethene (ethylene) production in the marine macroalga Ulva (Enteromorpha) intestinalis L. (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae): effect of light-stress and co-production with dimethyl sulphide

Ethene (ethylene; H2C = CH2) is one of a range of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) that affect atmospheric chemistry and global climate. Ethene acts as a hormone in higher plants and its role in plant biochemistry, physiology and ecology has been the subject of extensive research. Ethene is also found in seawater, but despite evidence that marine microalgae and seaweeds can produce ethene directly, its production is generally attributed to photochemical breakdown of dissolved organic matter. Here we confirmed ethene production in cultured samples of the macroalga Ulva (Enteromorpha) intestinalis. Ethene levels increased substantially when samples acclimatized to low light conditions were transferred to high light, and ethene addition reduced chlorophyll levels by 30%. A range of potential inhibitors and inducers of ethene biosynthesis were tested. Evidence was found for ethene synthesis via the 1-aminocylopropane-1-acrylic acid (ACC) pathway and ACC oxidase activity was confirmed for cell-free extracts. Addition of acrylate, a potential ethene precursor in algae that contain the compatible solute dimethylsulphoniopropionate, doubled the ethene produced but no acrylate decarboxylase activity was found. Nonetheless the data support active production of ethene and we suggest ethene may play a multifaceted role in algae as it does in higher plants. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Viabilidade econômica do cultivo de carpa comum (cyprinus carpio linnaeus, 1758) em monocultivo em densidades diferentes Economical viability of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) cultivation in monocultivations in different densities

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa estudar o efeito econômico do povoamento de alevinos I de carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio LINNAEUS, 1758) com densidade diferenciada e com alimentação artificial e adubação química. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (1; 0,5 e 0,33 peixes/m²) avaliados ao longo do tempo e três repetições. Os peixes foram estocados com peso e comprimento médios de 2,40 g e 5,35; 5,40 e 5,39 cm, respectivamente, nos tratamentos, e com 45 dias de idade. As dietas foram formuladas com 27% de PB e 2925 Kcal/Kg de ração, sendo fornecidas diariamente na quantidade de 3% do peso vivo. Os resultados para o comprimento e peso dos peixes foram 25,68; 28,66 e 31,21 cm e 255,00; 424,00 e 519,66 g, respectivamente. A analise econômica foi estudada por meio de planilha de custo. Na produção total, os resultados foram 1882; 1513 e 1367 kg/hectare em um ciclo. Em condições similares, pode-se recomendar zootecnicamente todas as densidades estudadas e, economicamente, a lucratividade da atividade é crescente com o aumento da densidade, havendo diminuição do custo médio ou unitário.<br>This research aimed at studying the economical effect of common carp (Cyprinus carpio LINNAEUS, 1758) settling of fingerlings with differenciated density and with artificial feeding and chemical fertilization. The design was entirely randomized with three treatments (1; 0.5 and 0.33 fishes/m²) evaluated along the time and 3 repetitions. The fish were stocked with medium weight and mediun length of 2.40 g and 5.35; 5.40 and 5.39 cm, respectively, in the treatments, and 45 days old. The diets were formulated with 27% PB and 2.925 kcal/kg of ration, being given daily in the quantities of 3% of living weight. The results for the length and weight of the fishes were 25.68; 28.66 and 31.21 cm and 255.00; 424.00 and 519.66 g, respectively. The economical analisys was studied through cost planning. In the total production, the results were 1882; 1513 and 1367 kg/ha in a cycle. In similar conditions all the studied densities coud be zootechnically recommended. The economical profitability of the activity is growing with the increase of density and there is unitary or mediun cost decrease

Efeito da densidade de povoamento na produtividade final em carpas (Cyprinus carpio var specularis) em fase de engorda, durante o verão Effect of population density on the productivity of carp (Cyprinus carpio var specularis), in the fattening stage, during the summer

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o efeito da densidade de povoamento na produtividade final, em carpas na fase de engorda, no período de verão. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (1; 0,5; e 0,33 peixes/m²) e três repetições. Os peixes foram estocados com peso e comprimento médios de 2,40 g e 5,35; 5,40 e 5,39 cm, respectivamente, nos tratamentos 1, 2 e 3, com 45 dias de idade. As dietas foram formuladas com 27% PB e 2925 kcal/kg de ração, sendo fornecidas diariamente, na quantidade de 3% do peso vivo. O comportamento dos tratamentos foi estudado por intermédio da análise de regressão. Os resultados para o comprimento e peso dos peixes foram 25,68; 28,66; e 31,21 cm e 255,00; 424,00; e 519,66 g, respectivamente. Os tratamentos 1 e 3 apresentaram modelo de regressão linear diferente do tratamento 2, que apresentou modelo quadrático. Na biomassa total, os resultados foram 1881; 1512; e 1302 kg/ha/período e os modelos de regressão significativos para os tratamentos 1e 3 foram lineares e para o tratamento 2 quadrático. A conversão alimentar apresentou modelo de regressão linear para todos tratamentos. Em condições similares, podem-se recomendar todas densidades sugeridas, com base na produção final e sobrevivência.<br>This study aimed to evaluate impact of stocking density on final productivity in the production of mirror common carp in fattening stage, during the summer. A completely randomized design with three treatments (1, .5, .33 fishes/m²) and three replicates was used. The fish were stocked with an average weight of 2.40 g and average length of 5.35, 5.40 and 5.39 cm, respectively, in the treatments 1, 2 and 3, with 45 days of age. The diets were formulated with 27% CP and 2925 kcal/kg of diet and supplied daily at a rate of 3% of body weight. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the behavior of each treatment. For the fish lengths, the results were 25.68, 28.66 and 31.21 cm, respectively. For the fish weights, the results were 255.00, 424.00, and 519.66 g. The treatments 1 and 3 showed a linear regression model, different from the treatment 2, that showed quadratic model. In the total biomass, the results were 1881, 1512 and 1302 kg/ha•period and the significant regression model were linear for treatments 1 and 3 and quadratic for treatment 2. The feed: gain showed a linear regression model for all treatments. In similar condition, it could be recommended all suggested densities, based on the final production and survival