49,618 research outputs found
Comparison of Generic and Proprietary Sodium Stibogluconate for the Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Kenya.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of generic and proprietary sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). METHODS: A total of 102 patients with confirmed kala-azar were treated in a mission hospital in West Pokot region, Kenya, with sodium stibogluconate (20 mg/kg/day for 30 days)--either as Pentostam (PSM) or generic sodium stibogluconate (SSG); 51 patients were allocated alternately to each treatment group. FINDINGS: There were no significant differences in baseline demographic characteristics or disease severity, or in events during treatment. There were 3 deaths in the PSM group and 1 in the SSG group; 2 patients defaulted in each group. Only 1 out of 80 test-of-cure splenic aspirates was positive for Leishmania spp.; this patient was in the SSG group. Follow-up after > or = 6 months showed that 6 out of 58 patients had relapsed, 5 in the SSG group and 1 in the PSM group. No outcome variable was significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The availability of cheaper generic sodium stibogluconate, subject to rigid quality controls, now makes it possible for the health authorities in kala-azar endemic areas to provide treatment to many more patients in Africa
Uncertainty Relation Revisited from Quantum Estimation Theory
By invoking quantum estimation theory we formulate bounds of errors in
quantum measurement for arbitrary quantum states and observables in a
finite-dimensional Hilbert space. We prove that the measurement errors of two
observables satisfy Heisenberg's uncertainty relation, find the attainable
bound, and provide a strategy to achieve it.Comment: manuscript including 4 pages and 2 figure
Nonlinear Radiation Pressure and Stochasticity in Ultraintense Laser Fields
The radiation force on a single electron in an ultraintense plane wave () is calculated and shown to be proportional to in the
high- limit for arbitrary waveform and polarization. The cyclotron motion of
an electron in a constant magnetic field and an ultraintense plane wave is
numerically found to be quasiperiodic even in the high- limit if the
magnetic field is not too strong, as suggested by previous analytical work. A
strong magnetic field causes highly chaotic electron motion and the boundary of
the highly chaotic region of parameter space is determined numerically.
Applications to experiments and astrophysics are briefly discussed.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures; uses RevTex, epsf macros. Corrected, expanded
versio
Finite Cluster Typical Medium Theory for Disordered Electronic Systems
We use the recently developed typical medium dynamical cluster (TMDCA)
approach~[Ekuma \etal,~\textit{Phys. Rev. B \textbf{89}, 081107 (2014)}] to
perform a detailed study of the Anderson localization transition in three
dimensions for the Box, Gaussian, Lorentzian, and Binary disorder
distributions, and benchmark them with exact numerical results. Utilizing the
nonlocal hybridization function and the momentum resolved typical spectra to
characterize the localization transition in three dimensions, we demonstrate
the importance of both spatial correlations and a typical environment for the
proper characterization of the localization transition in all the disorder
distributions studied. As a function of increasing cluster size, the TMDCA
systematically recovers the re-entrance behavior of the mobility edge for
disorder distributions with finite variance, obtaining the correct critical
disorder strengths, and shows that the order parameter critical exponent for
the Anderson localization transition is universal. The TMDCA is computationally
efficient, requiring only a small cluster to obtain qualitative and
quantitative data in good agreement with numerical exact results at a fraction
of the computational cost. Our results demonstrate that the TMDCA provides a
consistent and systematic description of the Anderson localization transition.Comment: 20 Pages, 19 Figures, 3 Table
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Social Responses to Environmental Degradation in Northwest Rural China
This article joins the debate over factors which affect sustainability in China’s rural areas at both the village and individual level. It assesses gender-based differences in response to environmental problems, effects of farmer innovation circles on village sustainability, and development of environmental consciousness. We find that both sexes have low environmental consciousness, but women are more likely to be environmentally aware. Despite an increase in labor from agriculture reforms, women’s status does not increase within the family, limiting their ability to act on their environmentalism. Education, income, and age are additional demographic factors related to environmental consciousness. Villagers feel the village is most responsible for environmental protection. The importance of governmental sources of agricultural information was highlighted, as was the impact increasing wealth has on environmental consciousness. In the future women must be vital participants in future sustainability programs, due to high incidence of male migrant city workers, and women’s deep connectedness and dependence on the land
Single spin universal Boolean logic
Recent advances in manipulating single electron spins in quantum dots have
brought us close to the realization of classical logic gates based on
representing binary bits in spin polarizations of single electrons. Here, we
show that a linear array of three quantum dots, each containing a single spin
polarized electron, and with nearest neighbor exchange coupling, acts as the
universal NAND gate. The energy dissipated during switching this gate is the
Landauer-Shannon limit of kTln(1/p) [T = ambient temperature and p = intrinsic
gate error probability]. With present day technology, p = 1E-9 is achievable
above 1 K temperature. Even with this small intrinsic error probability, the
energy dissipated during switching the NAND gate is only ~ 21 kT, while today's
nanoscale transistors dissipate about 40,000 - 50,000 kT when they switch
A new heap game
Given heaps of tokens. The moves of the 2-player game introduced
here are to either take a positive number of tokens from at most heaps,
or to remove the {\sl same} positive number of tokens from all the heaps.
We analyse this extension of Wythoff's game and provide a polynomial-time
strategy for it.Comment: To appear in Computer Games 199
Apollo experiment S-217 IR/radar study of Apollo data
An experiment using Earth based remote sensing radar, infrared eclipse, and color difference data to deduce surface properties not visible in Apollo photography is reported. The Earth based data provided information on the small scale (centimeter sized) blockiness and on the surface chemical composition (titanium and iron contents) of the lunar surface. These deduced surface properties complemented the new Apollo photography, leading to refined geologic interpretations of the lunar surface
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