Lookout, Volume 8, Number 2, June 1903

In 1896, the students of the Storrs Agricultural College established a student newspaper, The Lookout. Published every month, The Lookout had a small, unpaid staff who laid out the pages by hand using tiny metal slugs with embossed letters from a printer\u27s California job case. By 1914, the paper had changed its name to The Connecticut Campus, reflecting the growth of the institution that had become the Connecticut Agricultural College in 1899 and the student newspaper increased its publication schedule to twice a month. The paper continued to grow along with the campus in Storrs, CT, and in 1953 the The Connecticut Campus, which had moved from being published monthly, to weekly and then to a three days a week publication schedule made its last transition to becoming a daily newspaper. In 1955, the renamed Connecticut Daily Campus becomes a morning paper that is printed on newsprint. In the 1970s, the University of Connecticut Board of Trustees granted the Connecticut Daily Campus its independence from the Associated Student Government. Currently, Daily Campus is the largest daily college newspaper in the state of Connecticut and employs more than 120 students during the academic year. Published Monday through Friday during the academic year, 10,000 copies are delivered to over 80 locations both on- and off-campus

Lookout, Volume 8, Number 6, December 1903

In 1896, the students of the Storrs Agricultural College established a student newspaper, The Lookout. Published every month, The Lookout had a small, unpaid staff who laid out the pages by hand using tiny metal slugs with embossed letters from a printer\u27s California job case. By 1914, the paper had changed its name to The Connecticut Campus, reflecting the growth of the institution that had become the Connecticut Agricultural College in 1899 and the student newspaper increased its publication schedule to twice a month. The paper continued to grow along with the campus in Storrs, CT, and in 1953 the The Connecticut Campus, which had moved from being published monthly, to weekly and then to a three days a week publication schedule made its last transition to becoming a daily newspaper. In 1955, the renamed Connecticut Daily Campus becomes a morning paper that is printed on newsprint. In the 1970s, the University of Connecticut Board of Trustees granted the Connecticut Daily Campus its independence from the Associated Student Government. Currently, Daily Campus is the largest daily college newspaper in the state of Connecticut and employs more than 120 students during the academic year. Published Monday through Friday during the academic year, 10,000 copies are delivered to over 80 locations both on- and off-campus

Cherished Possessions: the Meaning of Material Culture in the Oklahoma Cherokee

Design, Housing and Merchandisin

Patterns of Oral Microbiota Diversity in Adults and Children: A Crowdsourced Population Study.

Oral microbiome dysbiosis has been associated with various local and systemic human diseases such as dental caries, periodontal disease, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Bacterial composition may be affected by age, oral health, diet, and geography, although information about the natural variation found in the general public is still lacking. In this study, citizen-scientists used a crowdsourcing model to obtain oral bacterial composition data from guests at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science to determine if previously suspected oral microbiome associations with an individual's demographics, lifestyle, and/or genetics are robust and generalizable enough to be detected within a general population. Consistent with past research, we found bacterial composition to be more diverse in youth microbiomes when compared to adults. Adult oral microbiomes were predominantly impacted by oral health habits, while youth microbiomes were impacted by biological sex and weight status. The oral pathogen Treponema was detected more commonly in adults without recent dentist visits and in obese youth. Additionally, oral microbiomes from participants of the same family were more similar to each other than to oral microbiomes from non-related individuals. These results suggest that previously reported oral microbiome associations are observable in a human population containing the natural variation commonly found in the general public. Furthermore, these results support the use of crowdsourced data as a valid methodology to obtain community-based microbiome data

Regulation of surface architecture by symbiotic bacteria mediates host colonization

Microbes occupy countless ecological niches in nature. Sometimes these environments may be on or within another organism, as is the case in both microbial infections and symbiosis of mammals. Unlike pathogens that establish opportunistic infections, hundreds of human commensal bacterial species establish a lifelong cohabitation with their hosts. Although many virulence factors of infectious bacteria have been described, the molecular mechanisms used during beneficial host–symbiont colonization remain almost entirely unknown. The novel identification of multiple surface polysaccharides in the important human symbiont Bacteroides fragilis raised the critical question of how these molecules contribute to commensalism. To understand the function of the bacterial capsule during symbiotic colonization of mammals, we generated B. fragilis strains deleted in the global regulator of polysaccharide expression and isolated mutants with defects in capsule expression. Surprisingly, attempts to completely eliminate capsule production are not tolerated by the microorganism, which displays growth deficits and subsequent reversion to express capsular polysaccharides. We identify an alternative pathway by which B. fragilis is able to reestablish capsule production and modulate expression of surface structures. Most importantly, mutants expressing single, defined surface polysaccharides are defective for intestinal colonization compared with bacteria expressing a complete polysaccharide repertoire. Restoring the expression of multiple capsular polysaccharides rescues the inability of mutants to compete for commensalism. These findings suggest a model whereby display of multiple capsular polysaccharides provides essential functions for bacterial colonization during host–symbiont mutualism

Combined exposure to cigarette smoke and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae drives development of a COPD phenotype in mice

Abstract Background Cigarette smoke (CS) is the major etiologic factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). CS-exposed mice develop emphysema and mild pulmonary inflammation but no airway obstruction, which is also a prominent feature of COPD. Therefore, CS may interact with other factors, particularly respiratory infections, in the pathogenesis of airway remodeling in COPD. Methods C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CS for 2 h a day, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Mice were also exposed to heat-killed non-typeable H. influenzae (HK-NTHi) on days 7 and 21. One day after the last exposure to CS, mice were sacrificed and lung inflammation and mechanics, emphysematous changes, and goblet cell metaplasia were assessed. Mice exposed to CS or HK-NTHi alone or room air served as controls. To determine the susceptibility to viral infections, we also challenged these mice with rhinovirus (RV). Results Unlike mice exposed to CS or HK-NTHi alone, animals exposed to CS/HK-NTHi developed emphysema, lung inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia in both large and small airways. CS/HK-NTHi-exposed mice also expressed increased levels of mucin genes and cytokines compared to mice in other groups. CS/HK-NTHi-exposed mice infected with RV demonstrated increased viral persistence, sustained neutrophilia, and further increments in mucin gene and chemokine expression compared to other groups. Conclusions These findings indicate that in addition to CS, bacteria may also contribute to development of COPD, particularly changes in airways. Mice exposed to CS/HK-NTHi are also more susceptible to subsequent viral infection than mice exposed to either CS or HK-NTHi alone.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109487/1/12931_2013_Article_1465.pd

Combined exposure to cigarette smoke and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae drives development of a COPD phenotype in mice

Abstract Background Cigarette smoke (CS) is the major etiologic factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). CS-exposed mice develop emphysema and mild pulmonary inflammation but no airway obstruction, which is also a prominent feature of COPD. Therefore, CS may interact with other factors, particularly respiratory infections, in the pathogenesis of airway remodeling in COPD. Methods C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CS for 2 h a day, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Mice were also exposed to heat-killed non-typeable H. influenzae (HK-NTHi) on days 7 and 21. One day after the last exposure to CS, mice were sacrificed and lung inflammation and mechanics, emphysematous changes, and goblet cell metaplasia were assessed. Mice exposed to CS or HK-NTHi alone or room air served as controls. To determine the susceptibility to viral infections, we also challenged these mice with rhinovirus (RV). Results Unlike mice exposed to CS or HK-NTHi alone, animals exposed to CS/HK-NTHi developed emphysema, lung inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia in both large and small airways. CS/HK-NTHi-exposed mice also expressed increased levels of mucin genes and cytokines compared to mice in other groups. CS/HK-NTHi-exposed mice infected with RV demonstrated increased viral persistence, sustained neutrophilia, and further increments in mucin gene and chemokine expression compared to other groups. Conclusions These findings indicate that in addition to CS, bacteria may also contribute to development of COPD, particularly changes in airways. Mice exposed to CS/HK-NTHi are also more susceptible to subsequent viral infection than mice exposed to either CS or HK-NTHi alone.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134587/1/12931_2013_Article_1465.pd

Simulation of the Backcross Breeding Method. I. Effects of Heritability and Gene Number on Fixation of Desired Alleles

The potential of backcross breeding for improvement of a pure line by addition of favorable alleles from a donor line was investigated by computer simulation coupled with quantitative genetics theory. Attention was focused on the effects of heritability (among individual F2 plants) and of the number of genes of which the allele present in the donor line is more favorable than the one present in the recipient. The specific programs investigated were ones involving a large amount of effort, a minimum of 1,000 pollinations per backcross generation and selection among families in three or more generations. The criterion employed for effectiveness was the probability of fixation in the product of the program of favorable alleles derived from the donor line. Effectiveness was found to be greater when heritability is greater but the effect of increased heritability was not as great as might have been expected. Number of favorable alleles available frcm the donor line had greater impact, particularly when success was defined in terms of probability that all the available favorable alleles would be transferred from donor to recipient. Success, so defined, was limited to one allele in the case of the least laborious of the three programs studied and no more than five in the case of the most costly. On the other hand, when success was measured in terms of percent improvement in the selected trait, it appeared substantial change is possible with heritability as low as 15 percent and favorable alleles available in the range frcm 1 to 16. dditive effects and independent assortment were assumed for genes simulate