Autonomía y centralismo:: la configuración del Estado y la Nación chilena (1823-1830).

The power vacuum existing after the napoleonic invasion in the Iberian Peninsula activated the proliferation of many self-government scattered through the Spanish monarchy substituting the sovereignty of the captive monarch. A mosaic of political bodies that performed a significant role during the first moments of the monarchical crisis, the following shaping of the Independence movement and later on during the configuration of the emerging American States. Chile - even though it was ahead his neighbour countries regarding strengthening a stable State - did not avoid the movements towards autonomy that found their highest extent during the period of “Anarchy”, intermission within two dictatorships characterised by the confrontation between Santiago – old headquarters of the colonial administration – and the provinces for management of the building of the State. In this article it is intended to synthesise that period based in the most recent research on the topic.El vacío de poder generado por la invasión napoleónica en la Península Ibérica activó el estallido de múltiples soberanías en toda la Monarquía hispánica en sustitución de la soberanía del monarca cautivo. Un mosaico de cuerpos políticos que desempeñaron un papel trascendental en los primeros momentos de la crisis monárquica, en la posterior configuración del movimiento independentista y, más adelante, en la organización de los incipientes Estados americanos. Chile, si bien aventajó a sus vecinos a la hora de consolidar un Estado estable, no escapó a las tendencias autonomistas, las que hallaron su máxima expresión en el periodo de la «Anarquía», intervalo entre dos dictaduras caracterizado por el enfrentamiento             entre Santiago, antigua sede de la administración colonial y las provincias por la conducción en la construcción del Estado. En este artículo se pretende realizar una síntesis sobre dicho periodo basándonos en algunas de las más recientes investigaciones sobre el tema

The Use of Sideline Video Review to Facilitate Management Decisions Following Head Trauma in Super Rugby

Background Sideline video review has been increasingly used to evaluate risk of concussive injury during match play of a number of collision sports, with the view to reducing the incidence of match play concussion injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sideline video review for identifying and evaluating head impact events in Rugby Union. Methods All Australian teams’ 2015 Super Rugby season matches were studied. Meaningful head impact events (HIEs) were identified, comprising events identified and acted upon during matches and events identified through a post-season retrospective review. Video footage of each HIE was coded by two experienced independent sports medicine clinicians to evaluate management decisions made by match-day (MDD) and team doctors (TD). HIE incidences for matches with and without sideline video were compared, and the agreement between game-day video interpretation and the independent clinician opinion calculated. Results Seventy HIEs were identified in 83 matches (47 identified during matches and 23 identified post-season), equating to 42.5 HIEs per 1000 player match hours. When video review was available, an unnoticed HIE occurred once every 4.3 matches, compared to once every 2.3 matches when the sideline video review was unavailable. Of the 47 identified in-match HIEs evaluated by TD and MDD during the season, 18 resulted in an immediate and permanent removal, 28 resulted in temporary removal for an off-field assessment, and one resulted in the player continuing the game. Game-day head injury assessment process video decisions agreed with the independent clinician view in 72% of cases, κ = 0.49 (95% CI 0.38–0.59, weak agreement). Conclusions These findings suggest that access to sideline video review is an important supplementary component to identify potential concussions; however, there is a critical need for improved systems and processes to reduce the likelihood of missing an incident

The professionalism disconnect: Do entering residents identify yet participate in unprofessional behaviors?

Background Professionalism has been an important tenet of medical education, yet defining it is a challenge. Perceptions of professional behavior may vary by individual, medical specialty, demographic group and institution. Understanding these differences should help institutions better clarify professionalism expectations and provide standards with which to evaluate resident behavior. Methods Duke University Hospital and Vidant Medical Center/East Carolina University surveyed entering PGY1 residents. Residents were queried on two issues: their perception of the professionalism of 46 specific behaviors related to training and patient care; and their own participation in those specified behaviors. The study reports data analyses for gender and institution based upon survey results in 2009 and 2010. The study received approval by the Institutional Review Boards of both institutions. Results 76% (375) of 495 PGY1 residents surveyed in 2009 and 2010 responded. A majority of responders rated all 46 specified behaviors as unprofessional, and a majority had either observed or participated in each behavior. For all 46 behaviors, a greater percentage of women rated the behaviors as unprofessional. Men were more likely than women to have participated in behaviors. There were several significant differences in both the perceptions of specified behaviors and in self-reported observation of and/or involvement in those behaviors between institutions. Respondents indicated the most important professionalism issues relevant to medical practice include: respect for colleagues/patients, relationships with pharmaceutical companies, balancing home/work life, and admitting mistakes. They reported that professionalism can best be assessed by peers, patients, observation of non-medical work and timeliness/detail of paperwork. Conclusion Defining professionalism in measurable terms is a challenge yet critical in order for it to be taught and assessed. Recognition of the differences by gender and institution should allow for tailored teaching and assessment of professionalism so that it is most meaningful. A shared understanding of what constitutes professional behavior is an important first step

"Forms of citizenship in Latin America", by Mirta Zaida Lobato y Sofía Venturoli.

"Forms of citizenship in Latin America", by Mirta Zaida Lobato y Sofía Venturoli."Formas de ciudadanía en América Latina", de Mirta Zaida Lobato y Sofía Venturoli

“Formas de ciudadanía en América Latina”, de Mirta Zaida Lobato y Sofía Venturoli.

“Forms of citizenship in Latin America”, by Mirta Zaida Lobato y Sofía Venturoli.“Formas de ciudadanía en América Latina”, de Mirta Zaida Lobato y Sofía Venturoli

Autonomy and centralism: shaping the Chilean State and Nation (1823-1830).

El vacío de poder generado por la invasión napoleónica en la Península Ibérica activó el estallido de múltiples soberanías en toda la Monarquía hispánica en sustitución de la soberanía del monarca cautivo. Un mosaico de cuerpos políticos que desempeñaron un papel trascendental en los primeros momentos de la crisis monárquica, en la posterior configuración del movimiento independentista y, más adelante, en la organización de los incipientes Estados americanos. Chile, si bien aventajó a sus vecinos a la hora de consolidar un Estado estable, no escapó a las tendencias autonomistas, las que hallaron su máxima expresión en el periodo de la "Anarquía", intervalo entre dos dictaduras caracterizado por el enfrentamiento             entre Santiago, antigua sede de la administración colonial y las provincias por la conducción en la construcción del Estado. En este artículo se pretende realizar una síntesis sobre dicho periodo basándonos en algunas de las más recientes investigaciones sobre el tema.The power vacuum existing after the napoleonic invasion in the Iberian Peninsula activated the proliferation of many self-government scattered through the Spanish monarchy substituting the sovereignty of the captive monarch. A mosaic of political bodies that performed a significant role during the first moments of the monarchical crisis, the following shaping of the Independence movement and later on during the configuration of the emerging American States. Chile - even though it was ahead his neighbour countries regarding strengthening a stable State - did not avoid the movements towards autonomy that found their highest extent during the period of "Anarchy", intermission within two dictatorships characterised by the confrontation between Santiago - old headquarters of the colonial administration - and the provinces for management of the building of the State. In this article it is intended to synthesise that period based in the most recent research on the topic