Sustainable social spending

The paper discusses a number of threats to the financial sustainability of social spending: increased internationalization of national economies, gradually higher relative costs of producing a number of human services, the “graying” of the population, slower productivity growth in the private sector, low employment rates, and various types of disincentive effects related to the welfare state itself, including moral hazard. I argue that threats from gradually rising costs of providing human services and disincentive effects of welfare-state arrangements, in particular moral hazard and benefit dependency, are more difficult to deal with than the other threats. I also discuss the choice between ad hoc policy reforms and automatic adjustment mechanisms, delegated to administrative bodies, for dealing with these threats. Copyright Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2006Sustainable fiscal policy, Baumol’s disease, Moral hazard, Automatic adjustment mechanisms,

Rastreamento do câncer de mama: aspectos relacionados ao médico Breast cancer screening: physicians related issues.

OBJETIVO: Reconhecer as características dos médicos do Estado de Goiás, suas condutas, crenças, opiniões e conhecimentos sobre câncer de mama. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram enviados 592 questionários aos ginecologistas, mastologistas e geriatras de Goiás. Os principais aspectos pesquisados foram: 1 - características sócio-demográficas (sexo, idade, ano de formatura, atuação em serviços públicos ou particulares); 2 - capacidade de reconhecimento dos fatores de risco para câncer de mama; 3 - atividades educativas desenvolvidas pelos médicos; 4 - percepção de elementos limitadores ao rastreamento; 5 - perguntas genéricas. RESULTADOS: Os questionários respondidos totalizaram 105 (21,2%); 70,5% dos médicos eram do sexo masculino; idade média de 43,9 anos (26 a 70 anos); 73,5% tinham menos de 20 anos de formado; 88,6% ginecologistas, 4,8% ginecologistas/mastologistas, 3,8% mastologistas, 2,8% geriatras; 62,5% atuavam na rede pública e particular simultaneamente. Apenas 13,3% identificaram os cinco fatores de risco apresentados. Cerca de 95% responderam ter participado de cursos de atualização nos dois anos que antecederam a pesquisa. Outros resultados serão apresentados. CONCLUSÕES: As recomendações sobre rastreamento do câncer de mama pareceram pouco claras aos médicos. As respostas sobre atividades educativas mostraram-se algumas vezes conflitantes. As crenças e opiniões sobre rastreamento foram bastante positivas. Escassez de equipamentos e custo do exame foram identificados como obstáculos ao rastreamento do câncer de mama.<br>OBJECTIVE: To identify the characteristics of physicians in the State of Goiás, Brazil, regarding patient management, beliefs, opinions and knowledge about breast cancer. MATERIALS END METHODS: A total of 592 questionnaires were mailed to gynecologists, mastologists and geriatricians. The survey covered the following main aspects: 1 - socio-demographic characteristics (sex, age, year of graduation, private or public practice); 2 - ability to recognize breast cancer risk factors; 3 - implementation of educational activities for the patients; 4 - perception of obstacles to breast cancer screening; 5 - generic questions. RESULTS: The total number of answered questionnaires was 105 (21.2%); 70.5% were male physicians; mean age was 43.9 years (26-70 years); 73.5% had 20 years or less of graduation; 88.6% were gynecologists, 4.8% gynecologists/mastologists, 3.8% mastologists and 2.8% geriatricians; 62.5% were practicing in private and public clinics. Only 13.3% of the physicians recognized the five breast cancer risk factors presented. Approximately 95% of the physicians attended continuing medical education courses in the last two years previous to the survey. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer screening guidelines seemed to be misleading for most physicians. The answers regarding educational activities were sometimes contradictory. The beliefs and opinions regarding breast cancer screening were strongly positive. Insufficient number of equipments and the high cost of the tests were pointed out as obstacles to breast cancer screening