UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF SOLIFENACIN SUCCINATE IN TABLETS

Objective: To develop a simple and cheap UV spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of Solifenacin succinate (5mg) in tablets and validate as per ICH guidelines. Methods: The optimized method uses a solvent 100% triethylammonium phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) for the estimation of assay of Solifenacin succinate in tablets at a detection wavelength of 215 nm. Results: The developed method resulted in Solifenacin succinate exhibiting linearity in the range 5-15μg/ml. The precision is exemplified by relative standard deviation of 1.27%. Percentage Mean recovery was found to be in the range of 98â€102, during accuracy studies. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitiation (LOQ) were found to be 1.106mg/ml and 3.35mg/ml respectively. Conclusion: A simple and a cheap UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of Solifenacin succinate in tablets as per ICH guidelines and hence it can be used for the routine analysis in various pharmaceutical industries

Sclerotinia rot of rapeseed mustard: A comprehensive review

Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.] is one of the major oilseed crops cultivated in India and around the world. It is extensively grown traditionally as a pure crop as well as intercrop (mixed crop) in marginal and sub-marginal soils in the eastern, northern and north western states of India. Cool and moist climate of winter months is the major factor for luxuriant growth and productivity of mustard in these states. Despite considerable increase in productivity and production, a wide gap exists between yield potential and yield realized at farmer’s field, which is largely due to biotic and abiotic stresses. The destructive diseases of rapeseed-mustard include those caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and phytoplasma. Among them, Sclerotinia stem rot is the most serious fungal disease that causes maximum damage in Indian mustard. This paper reviews the research and development of Sclerotinia rot in rapeseed-mustard during the past years in relation to pathogen taxonomy, biology, epidemiology, disease cycle and management. The paper also attempts to present future outlook and strategy for Sclerotinia rot of rapeseed mustard research

Global Warming And Environmental Imbalance

The natural resources like earth, wind, water, trees are the basis of human-life. For the bright future of human beings, it is essential to use these resources with a great care. ‘Environment’ means the physical, chemical and biological surroundings in which an organism exists. Thus, environment is the gift of nature. Prior to 20th century, there was no major evidence of human influence on environment. Environmental degradation up to this period was mainly due to natural disasters, like cyclone, earthquake etc. Up to that period; natural resources were not used beyond their regenerative capacities. So, what was used, was regenerated. But, after the population explosion in the world, the situation started changing. Gradually, this led to serious environmental degradation behind which, the need and greed of human kind is responsible. Ever increasing pollution, demolition of forests and bio-diversity, increase in global warming, etc. have alarmed us for awareness of environmental protection. Worldwide environmental awareness was started during the 1960s. The main impetus came from the publication of a book ‘Silent Spring’ by Rachel Carson in 1962. This book revealed the risk of using some pesticides and their bad effects on human life and thereby showed the necessity for the protection of earth. The world summit held at Rio-de-Janero in 1992, had focused the attention towards environmental problems. The economists also started looking afresh tothecentraleconomicproblemofresource scarcity in relation to their possible uses. After 1970, many economists started arguing that development can be made sustainable only with efficient and judicious use of natural resources. In this paper, we have described various factors responsible for environmental hazards and we have also suggested our duties regarding the protection of the earth

EVALUATION OF YIELD AND YIELD PARAMETERS IN DIFFERENT RICE FARMING SYSTEMS AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

An experiment was undertaken in a farmer's field in Chidambaram Sathamangalam, Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, during Navarai 2021 to the evaluation of yield and yield parameters in different rice farming systems and weed management practices. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with four replications, two main treatments with different rice farming systems viz, M1-Monocropping and M2-Annamalai rice + fish + poultry farming system and three sub treatments with weed management practices viz., S1 – unweeded control, S2 – twice hand weeding on 20 and 40 DAT, S3 – pre emergence (PE) application through tank mix of butachlor (50 % EC) @ 1.25   kg a.i. ha-1+ 2,4-DEE (38 % EC) @ 0.6 kg a.i. ha-1. The results indicated that, in farming systems the Annamalai rice + fish + poultry farming system (M2) show significant performance on the various yield parameters than rice monocropping (M1). In weed management practices, twice hand weeding in on 20 and 40 DAT (S2) recorded the highest yield parameters. It was followed by PE application through tank mix of butachlor (50 % EC) @ 1.25 kg a.i. ha-1 + 2,4-DEE (38 % EC) @ 0.6 kg a.i. ha-1 (S3). The lowest yield parameters were registered in unweeded control (S1). Among interactions, Annamalai rice + fish + poultry farming system along with two hand weedings on 20 and 40 DAT (M2S2) recorded significantly the highest yield parameters during Samba 2020. This was followed by Annamalai rice + fish + poultry farming system along with PE application through tank mix of butachlor (50 % EC) @ 1.25 kg a.i. ha-1 + 2,4-DEE (38 % EC) @ 0.6 kg a.i. ha-1 (M2S3) in Navarai 2021 cropping season. The season's lowest yield characteristics were observed in monocultures of rice grown without weed management (M1S1). By recording the maximum yield parameters during Navarai 2021, the Annamalai rice + fish + poultry farming system performs much better than rice monocropping

Menstruating umbilicus: secondary subcutaneous umbilical endometriosis: a rare case report

This paper described a rare case of secondary umbilical endometriosis in a young nulliparous female and its effective diagnosis and treatment. A 29-year-old unmarried female presented with complaints of bleeding during menses from an umbilical nodule that had developed at the port insertion site of a previous diagnostic hystero-laparoscopy. Ultrasound and Doppler examinations confirmed the presence of a hypoechoic mass in the umbilicus with no associated blood vessels. Deep surgical excision of the nodule with a rim of macroscopic normal skin of 0.5 cm all around was performed under local anesthesia and the umbilicus was reconstructed. This case reinforced the concept that umbilical endometriosis should be considered in the list of differential diagnoses of umbilical disorders, even in young nulliparous women with no typical symptoms of pelvic endometriosis. Additionally, it emphasized the importance of early diagnosis of UE in order to avoid extensive abdominal wall surgery

Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application on Productivity, Nutrient Uptake and Quality of Teosinte (\u3cem\u3eZea mexicana\u3c/em\u3e L.) Fodder

Teosinte (Zea mexicana L.) is popularly known as Makchari being a close relative of maize. It provides succulent, palatable and nutritive fodder during Kharif season for feeding the animals as green fodder or conserved fodder in the form of silage. Teosinte is an excellent multicut fodder which gives high yield of nutritious green lush fodder in 65-70 days with less inputs as compared to maize. Nitrogen is an essential component of proteins, nucleic acid, enzymes, coenzymes, chlorophyll and cell wall. Phosphorus plays a vital role in crop production as it is involved in CO2 fixation, sugar metabolism, energy storage and transfer. Nutrient deficiency along with imbalanced and non-judicious fertilizers use of the important limiting factor that may affect the yield and quality of teosinte forage. In India about 62% and 49% soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus (Gibson, 2006). The application of nitrogen and phosphorus is considered to be the most important which improves the yield and quality of fodder. The present investigation was under taken to assess the effect of N and P application on productivity, nutrient uptake and quality of teosinte fodder

Soil bacterial communities of a calcium-supplemented and a reference watershed at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), New Hampshire, USA

Soil Ca depletion because of acidic deposition-related soil chemistry changes has led to the decline of forest productivity and carbon sequestration in the northeastern USA. In 1999, acidic watershed (WS) 1 at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), NH, USA was amended with Ca silicate to restore soil Ca pools. In 2006, soil samples were collected from the Ca-amended (WS1) and reference watershed (WS3) for comparison of bacterial community composition between the two watersheds. The sites were about 125 m apart and were known to have similar stream chemistry and tree populations before Ca amendment. Ca-amended soil had higher Ca and P, and lower Al and acidity as compared with the reference soils. Analysis of bacterial populations by PhyloChip revealed that the bacterial community structure in the Ca-amended and the reference soils was significantly different and that the differences were more pronounced in the mineral soils. Overall, the relative abundance of 300 taxa was significantly affected. Numbers of detectable taxa in families such as Acidobacteriaceae, Comamonadaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae were lower in the Ca-amended soils, while Flavobacteriaceae and Geobacteraceae were higher. The other functionally important groups, e.g. ammonia-oxidizing Nitrosomonadaceae, had lower numbers of taxa in the Ca-amended organic soil but higher in the mineral soil

Novel geopolymeric building materials through synergistic utilisation of industrial waste

Synergistic utilisation of major industrial wastes generated in India, namely fly ash, blast furnace slag and red mud, has been explored to develop novel building components using geopolymerisation. These include: (a) high strength cements (b) self glazed wall tiles, and (c) pavement tiles. Fly ash was used as main source of silico-aluminate for geopolymerisation. Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and red mud were used individually or in combination with fly ash to tailor properties of the developed components. Chemical and mechanical activation have been judiciously incorporated in the processing schemes through an understanding of processing-structure-property relationships. Improvement in the reactivity of fly ash by mechanical activation using highenergy mills was found to results in the formation of a compact microstructure during geopolymerisation leading to high compressive strength (above 100 MPa) in geopolymer cements. The cements also exhibited improved setting time and a very low autoclave expansion. In self-glazed wall tiles, the hard impervious glazed surface was obtained at temperature lower than 150°C by controlling the particle size distribution of solid reactants, viscosity of slurry and reaction atmosphere. The self-glazed surface showed the presence of gismodine (Na-plagioclase) phase which was absent in the main body of the tiles. In pavement tiles, fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag were used to give structural framework, whereas red mud was used to supplement the iron oxide for colouring effect and alkalis. The setting and hardening occurred due to formation of cementitious A-S-H and C-S-H gel (A = Al2O3, S = SiO2, C = CaO, H = H2O). The technologies have been developed at bench scale and efforts are underway for scaling up to pilot plant level

UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF ACAMPROSATE CALCIUM IN TABLETS

Objective: To develop a rapid UV spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of Acamprosate calcium (333mg) in tablets and validate as per ICH guidelines. Methods: The optimized method uses a diluent 100% Triethylammonium phosphate buffer (pH 4.0) for the estimation of assay of Acamprosate calcium at a detection wavelength of 208 nm. Results: The developed method resulted in Acamprosate calcium exhibiting linearity in the range 30-90μg/ml. The precision is exemplified by relative standard deviation of 1.5%. Percentage Mean recovery was found to be in the range of 98â€102, during accuracy studies. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitiation (LOQ) were found to be 99ng/ml, and 300ng/ml respectively. Conclusion: A rapid UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of Acamprosate calcium in tablets as per ICH guidelines and hence it can be used for the routine analysis in various pharmaceutical industries