Effect of postharvest storage of whole fruit on physico-chemical and microbial changes of fresh-cut cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. reticulatus cv. Glamour)

Cantaloupes continue to ripen after harvesting which is caused by ethylene production due to climacteric behaviour during postharvest storage. In this study, the cantaloupe fruits harvested at commercial maturity were evaluated for quality attributes during three weeks of storage at 10°C and a relative humidity (RH) of 90±5%. In addition, fresh-cut samples were stored for a further 19 days at 2°C and 87% RH. The fresh-cut samples were prepared on a weekly basis by dipping into deionised water (control) at 2°C for 1 minute. The effect of postharvest storage of cantaloupe on the physico-chemical properties and microbial activity was observed prior to fresh-cut processing. It was found that firmness, luminosity (L*), and titratable acidity (TA) decreased, while total soluble solids (TSS), pH, TSS:TA ratio, microbial activity (total plate count (TPC) and yeast and mould (YM)) of the fresh-cut increased over the postharvest storage period of the fruit. Meanwhile, the orange colour and the intensity (hue angle, hab, and chromaticity) of the flesh did not differ significantly during storage. The cantaloupe stored for three weeks at a low temperature indicated a successful potential for fresh-cut processing due to good maintenance of the product quality

The antibacterial activities and chemical composition of extracts from Carica papaya cv. Sekaki/Hong Kong seed

Ten solvents were used to extract phytochemicals from the peel of Carica papaya cv. Sekaki/Hong Kong to evaluate antibacterial activities and determine chemical composition of Carica papaya cv. Sekaki/Hong Kong seeds. The antibacterial activities of ten solvent extracts were tested against 14 microorganisms vis Shigella sonnei, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis using disk diffusion test (DDT). The Carica papaya seed of ACN and MeOH extracts inhibited 11 microorganisms, indicating their broad spectrum activity. The disk diffusion test exhibited moderate and clear inhibition on C. diphtheria, S. pneumonia, B. subtilis and C. perfringens. MeOH extract inhibited S. enteritidis, V. vulnificus, P. mirabilis and B. cereus with the lowest MIC at 11.25 mg/mL each, thus was chosen as the best extract. The hierarchy of extract potency can be ranked as MeOH > acetone > ACN > CHCL3 > hexane > DE = PE > EtOH > DCM based on clear and moderate inhibition and the lowest MIC. TPC and TFC of the extracts ranged between 4.83 to 22.59 mg GAE/g DW and 1.32 (water) and 17.15 mg QE/g DW respectively. The GC/MS analysis of MeOH extract identified potential antibacterial compounds such as isothiocyanatomethyl benzene, 9-octadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and β-sitosterol. The Carica papaya seed cv. Sekaki/ Hong Kong possessed significant antibacterial activities when extracted by different solvents in particular MeOH solvent

In vitro antibacterial activities and composition of Carica papaya cv. Sekaki/ Hong Kong peel extracts

Ten solvents were used to extract phytochemicals from the peel of Carica papaya cv. Sekaki/Hong Kong to determine their antibacterial activities. Moderate to clear inhibition on Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium perfringens were obtained from the disk diffusion test out of fourteen pathogens tested. Petroleum ether extract, the most potent extract, showed moderate inhibition towards C. diphtheriae and S. pneumoniae at MIC of 5.63 mg/mL and 1.40 mg/mL. Polar solvents gave higher yield, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents than nonpolar solvents. Extract yields were 10.9 to 84.1 mg/g in polar solvents and 3.9 to 20.3 mg/g in non-polar solvents. Twenty eight compounds were identified in petroleum extracts through GC/MS analysis. Among the compounds identified were fatty acids, esters, alkane, tocopherols and sterols. 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid was the most abundant compound

Effect of Roasting Time and Temperature on Volatile Component Profiles during Nib Roasting of Cocoa Beans (Theobroma cacao)

The e†ect of nib roasting time and temperature on volatile component proÐles was studied using response surface methodology (RSM) which consisted two independent variables : time (5È65 min) and temperature (110È170¡C). A steam distillation extraction (SDE) method was used to extract and gas chromatographÈmass spectrometry equipped with an ICIS data system was used to identify the volatile compounds. Tetramethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine, phenethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, 3-methylbutyl acetate, phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde and 2-phenylethanol were present in all treatments. Pyrazine formation increased as roasting time and temperature were increased. The number of pyrazines increased from 4 to 11 and 25, respectively, when roasting, time was increased from 5 to 35 and 65 min at 140¡C. The unit area of esters increased (up to 1700È1800) when the roasting time was increased from 15 to 65 min (at 110È 120¡C). However, the unit area of carbonyls linearly decreased with an increasing roasting temperature at shorter time (5È25 min). The unit area of phenols was enormously reduced at the highest roasting temperature (160È170¡C) with longest roasting time (45È65 min) while that of alcohol slightly decreased as roasting time and temperature were increase

Antioxidant activity of winter melon (Benincasa Hispida) seeds using conventional soxhlet extraction technique

Abstract: In this study, the effect of different solvent including ethanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate on antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) of winter melon (Benincasa hispida) seeds extract was investigated using conventional Soxhlet extraction (CSE). DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity and TPC results indicated that the seed extracts obtained using ethanol possessed the highest antioxidant activity and followed by ethyl acetate and n-hexane. By considering obtained results, it was clear that there was a high positive correlation between TPC and antioxidant activity. Linoleic acid forms a significant percentage of unsaturated fatty acids of the seed extract (60.6%). It is well known that essential fatty acids including linoleic acid and linolenic acid which are detected in extracts play important roles in preventing many disease and abnormal differentiation problems. B. hispida seeds are potential source of natural antioxidant compounds to replace synthetic antioxidants

Optimisation of formulation in development of candied musk lime peel using response surface methodology (RSM) [Pengoptimuman formulasi dalam penghasilan halwa kulit limau kasturi menggunakan Kaedah Reaksi Permukaan (RSM)]

Abstract The development of candied musk lime peel was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and ECHIP software. In this study, a new product of candied musk lime peel (CMLP) with the optimum formulation of ingredient was developed. The CMLP development involved pickling, candying and drying processes. Discarded musk lime peel, a by-product from enzymatic peeling of candied musk lime fruit was used in this study. The three main ingredients responsible in the development process were sugar syrup, sorbitol and citric acid. Several formulations were obtained through RSM analysis using the three main ingredients. The peels were treated with each formulation separately and the developed products were then evaluated by a group of trained sensory panellists. Sensory results using RSM analysis and ECHIP software produced the 'target value' and the 'optimum value' for the ingredients. The optimum value for each ingredient was 56.3 °Brix sugar syrup, 7.0% (w/v) citric acid and 10% (v/v) sorbitol. The optimum value was the suggested optimum formulation from RSM analysis for the development of CMLP, however, verification process had to be done to confirm the optimum formulation. The sensory profiles for the product acceptance were done by a group of trained panellists and the values obtained were interpreted as target value and experimental value. Comparing of target value with experimental value was called a verification of product. In this study, the verification process has proved that the developed product using optimum formulation has been achieved. Therefore, the product development of candied musk lime peel using RSM optimisation was satisfactory