12 research outputs found
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Pond Fertilization in Western Kenya
In the recent past, fish farming has gained great prominence in Kenya as the country straggles to meet food security. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) farming has attracted the most demand, with the use of manure to enhance primary productivity in fish ponds being encouraged as a form of increasing productivity and returns on investment. The objective of this study was to understand the role of Nile tilapia farming in greenhouse emissions (GHGEs) in the region. Generally, there is paucity of such information originating from sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we report the levels of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Nile tilapia fish ponds fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers. We also try to establish if there exists any relationship between GHGEs and physicochemical parameters (PCPs). The methane fluxes ranged from 0.001 to 0.043°mg·mâ2hâ1 in UF ponds, 0.005 to 0.068°mg·mâ2hâ1 in IF ponds, and 0.001 to 0.375°mg·mâ2hâ1 in OF ponds. The findings show that the fluxes were significantly different (P0.05), ranging from â0.180 to 1.40°mg·mâ2hâ1 in UF ponds, â0.020 to 1.101°mg·mâ2hâ1 in IF ponds, and â0.049 to 1.746°mg mâ2hâ1 in OF ponds. N2O mean fluxes were not significantly different (P>0.05), ranging from â0.628 to 0.326°”gmâ2hâ1 in UF ponds, â0.049 to 0.187°”gmâ2hâ1 in IF ponds, and â0.022 to 1.384°”gmâ2hâ1 in OF ponds. UF had a mean flux of â0.003â±â0.175°”gmâ2hâ1, IF had a mean flux of 0.032â±â0.056°”gmâ2hâ1 and OF had a mean flux of 0.093â±â0.324°”gmâ2hâ1. There was significant difference in the carbon to nitrogen (CN) ratio among the fertilization treatments (P0.05). The study observed that fertilization of Nile tilapia ponds significantly increases the release of CH4 emission and the CN ratio. Temperature, conductivity, and CN positively correlated with CH4, CO2, and N2O emissions. Dissolved oxygen showed a negative correlation with CH4 and CO2 emissions while negatively correlated with N2O emissions. The study identified the use of OF as a potential form of fish farming that promotes the emission of GHGEs and calls for adoption of sustainable technologies for the management of organic and inorganic fertilizers before their use in pond fertilization
Clinical outreach refresher trainings in crisis settings (S-CORT): clinical management of sexual violence survivors and manual vacuum aspiration in Burkina Faso, Nepal, and South Sudan
© 2017 The Inter-agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises. Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. During the early humanitarian response to a crisis, there is limited time to train health providers in the life-saving clinical services of the Minimum Initial Services Package (MISP) for Reproductive Health. The Training Partnership Initiative of the Inter-agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises developed the S-CORT model (Sexual and reproductive health Clinical Outreach Refresher Training) for service providers operating in acute humanitarian settings and needing to rapidly refresh their knowledge and skills. Through qualitative research, this study aimed to determine the operational enablers and barriers related to the implementation of two S-CORT modules: clinical management of sexual violence survivors (CMoSVS) and manual vacuum aspiration (MVA). Across three participating countries (Burkina Faso, Nepal, and South Sudan), 135 health staff attended the CMoSVS refresher training and 94 the MVA refresher training. Results from the focus group discussions and in-depth interviews suggest that the S-CORT approach is respectful of human rights and quality of care principles. Furthermore, it is potentially effective in enhancing the knowledge and skills of existing trained service providers, strengthening their capacity, and changing their attitudes towards abortion-related services, for example. The S-CORT is a promising model for implementation in the acute phase of an emergency upon stabilisation of the security situation. The model can also be integrated into broader post-crisis capacity development efforts. Future operational research should emphasise not only an assessment of new modulesâ contents, but whether implementing this refresher training model in remote outreach settings is feasible, effective, and efficient
Hospital domestics: Care work in a Kenyan hospital
In Kenya, as elsewhere in Africa, it is common for caregivers to live alongside patients who are admitted to hospital. Ethnographic material from the wards of a district hospital in western Kenya shows that in this context proper care for patients required the mobilization of the extended family and the care and attention of hospital staff. Caring practices created biomedical and domestic ward spaces, with patients the objects of two divergent models of care, which the author calls âfamilialâ and âbiomedical,â aligned to these spaces. Caregivers and hospital staff emphasized the boundary between these models of care to comment on and (re)produce concepts of responsibility and obligation to others and to legitimate restrictions that they placed on the care they gave. The author argues that it is helpful to think about this hospital as an institutional space produced through a composite of mobile spatial practices, including both biomedical and domestic practice
Legacies of empire: state violence and collective punishment in Kenya's North Eastern Province, c. 1963-present
This article reflects on the dual historical evolution of the use of state violence and collective punishment in Kenya, with particular reference to the Somali inhabited North Eastern Province. The use of collective punishment began under British rule as a strategy designed to control its African population, and was central to British counterinsurgency during the 1950s Mau Mau Emergency. This system of government was then entrenched and expanded by the postcolonial elite as a means of dealing with a population that was perceived to be hostile to the interests of the state. The article provides evidence of both colonial continuities and discontinuities with regard to population control methods
Legacies of empire: state violence and collective punishment in Kenya's North Eastern Province, c. 1963-present
This article reflects on the dual historical evolution of the use of state violence and collective punishment in Kenya, with particular reference to the Somali inhabited North Eastern Province. The use of collective punishment began under British rule as a strategy designed to control its African population, and was central to British counterinsurgency during the 1950s Mau Mau Emergency. This system of government was then entrenched and expanded by the postcolonial elite as a means of dealing with a population that was perceived to be hostile to the interests of the state. The article provides evidence of both colonial continuities and discontinuities with regard to population control methods