Etapes et méthodes de formulation d’aliment de volaille : Une synthèse bibliographique

L’alimentation joue un rôle déterminant dans la réussite et la rentabilité économique des productions avicoles. Lors de la formulation d’un aliment efficient, son coût et sa qualité nutritionnelle qui permet de couvrir tous les besoins nutritionnels essentiels des volailles doivent être considérés. Ce travail basé sur la collecte des articles, fait la revue des étapes à suivre pour la formulation d’aliment de volaille et décrit les méthodes qui ont été utilisées dans la formulation d’aliment de volaille. Le carré de Pearson, l’équation algébrique simultanée, la méthode matérielle et la méthode essai et erreur sont des méthodes manuelles utilisées pour la formulation d’aliment de volaille. Les programmations linéaire, non linéaire, multi objective et quadratique sont quant à elles les méthodes de programmation mathématique de formulation d’aliment de volaille. Les méthodes manuelles permettent de faire une formulation avec peu d’ingrédient et les méthodes mathématiques permettent de faire une formulation à moindre coût.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Aliment de volaille, formulation, étapes, méthode

Increases in salience of ethnic identity at work: the roles of ethnic assignation and ethnic identification

To better understand how ethnicity is actually experienced within organisations, we examined reported increases in ethnic identity salience at work and responses to such increases. Thirty British black Caribbean graduate employees were interviewed about how and when they experienced their ethnic identity at work. The findings demonstrated that increased salience in ethnic identity was experienced in two key ways: through ‘ethnic assignation’ (a ‘push’ towards ethnic identity) and ‘ethnic identification’ (a ‘pull’ towards ethnic identity). We explore how and when ethnic assignation and ethnic identification occur at work, and their relevance to how workplaces are experienced by this group of minority ethnic employees. The findings suggest the need for further research attention to the dynamic and episodic nature of social identity, including ethnic identity, within organisations, and to the impact of such increases in salience of social identities on behaviour at work

The challenges of intersectionality: Researching difference in physical education

Researching the intersection of class, race, gender, sexuality and disability raises many issues for educational research. Indeed, Maynard (2002, 33) has recently argued that ‘difference is one of the most significant, yet unresolved, issues for feminist and social thinking at the beginning of the twentieth century’. This paper reviews some of the key imperatives of working with ‘intersectional theory’ and explores the extent to these debates are informing research around difference in education and Physical Education (PE). The first part of the paper highlights some key issues in theorising and researching intersectionality before moving on to consider how difference has been addressed within PE. The paper then considers three ongoing challenges of intersectionality – bodies and embodiment, politics and practice and empirical research. The paper argues for a continued focus on the specific context of PE within education for its contribution to these questions

Are millet and sorghum good alternatives to maize in layer’s feeds in Niger, West Africa?

Niger is one of the West African country producing pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum, Setaria italica) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). While pearl millet and sorghum are for human consumption, corn is imported and its high production costs are the main constraint to poultry production in Niger (Issa et al. 2015) As feed is the major input in poultry production and ever increasing cost and scarcity of feedstuffs are the major constraints in poultry production (Sheikh et al. 2016). A strong increasing trend and a high variation of the prices of cereals grains have spurred interest in using other feed ingredients produced in large scale (Ravindran 2013). Although possible alternatives for corn substitution by sorghum in poultry diet has been extensively studied in India, US, and West Africa (Parthasarathy et al. 2005, Issa 2009, Kawari et al. 2011, Bulus et al. 2014, Yunus et al. 2015). However, pearl millet, the cereal grain produced and used primarily as a human food in Niger, is little tested as poultry feed ingredient. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate performance, egg quality and egg cost in layers fed isocalorific and isonitrogenous diets in which corn is replaced by pearl millet or sorghum up to 50%..

Learning through social spaces: migrant women and lifelong learning in post-colonial London

This article shows how migrant women engage in learning through social spaces. It argues that such spaces are little recognised, and that there are multiple ways in which migrant women construct and negotiate their informal learning through socialising with other women in different informal modes. Additionally, the article shows how learning is shaped by the socio-political, geographical and multicultural context of living in London, outlining ways in which gendered and racialised identities shape, construct and constrain participation in lifelong learning. The article shows that one way in which migrant women resist (post)colonial constructions of difference is by engaging in informal and non-formal lifelong learning, arguing that the benefits are (at least) two-fold. The women develop skills (including language skills) but also use their informal learning to develop what is referred to in this article as 'relational capital'. The article concludes that informal lifelong learning developed through social spaces can enhance a sense of belonging for migrant women

Transcendence over Diversity: black women in the academy

Universities, like many major public institutions have embraced the notion of ‘diversity’ virtually uncritically- it is seen as a moral ‘good in itself’. But what happens to those who come to represent ‘diversity’- the black and minority ethnic groups targeted to increase the institutions thirst for global markets and aversion to accusations of institutional racism? Drawing on existing literature which analyses the process of marginalization in higher education, this paper explores the individual costs to black and female academic staff regardless of the discourse on diversity. However despite the exclusion of staff, black and minority ethnic women are also entering higher education in relatively large numbers as students. Such ‘grassroots’ educational urgency transcends the dominant discourse on diversity and challenges presumptions inherent in top down initiatives such as ‘widening participation’. Such a collective movement from the bottom up shows the importance of understanding black female agency when unpacking the complex dynamics of gendered and racialised exclusion. Black women’s desire for education and learning makes possible a reclaiming of higher education from creeping instrumentalism and reinstates it as a radical site of resistance and refutation

Use of sorghum on stepwise substitution of maize in broiler feeds in Niger

With an objective to demonstrate the merits of diets based on locally produced non-tannin sorghums as against Maize a total of 240 1-day-old broiler chicks Early bird strain were randomly allocated to 20 pens (12 birds per pen) with four pens per treatment and five treatments, at the Maradi Government poultry farm in Niger for a period of 12weeks. Birds were allowed to consume feed and water on an ad-libitum basis. The treatments diets were: i) Maize -based, ii) 75% Maize+25% Sorghum, iii) 50% Maize+50% Sorghum, iv) 25% Maize + 75% Sorghum, and v) Sorghum. Birds consumed water and feed on an ad-libitum basis with body weights recorded on day 0, 21, and 49. At the end of the experiment, 5 birds per pen were randomly chosen and slaughtered for carcass analysis. All growth and carcass data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the Proc Mixed procedure of R. Live weight was used as a covariate during carcass data analysis. Bodyweight means of 41g at d-0 and 1419 g at d-49 were similar (P = 0.17) for birds fed on all five treatments. Mean Gain/feed (G/F) ratios were similar with a mean of 540 g/kg to d-49. Birds fed Maize based, sorghum-based or Maize-sorghum-based diets had similar growth performance and carcass characteristics. Thus, tannin free sorghum had nutritional value comparable to that of Maize, and in West Africa local sorghum is a good alternative for poultry feeds when grains price are similar

What’s sex got to do with it? A family-based investigation of growing up heterosexual during the twentieth century

This paper explores findings from a cross-generational study of the making of heterosexual relationships in East Yorkshire, which has interviewed women and men within extended families. Using a feminist perspective, it examines the relationship between heterosexuality and adulthood, focussing on sexual attraction, courtship, first kisses, first love and first sex, as mediated within family relationships, and at different historical moments. In this way, the contemporary experiences of young people growing up are compared and contrasted with those of mid-lifers and older adults who formed heterosexual relationships within the context of the changing social and sexual mores of the 1960s/1970s, and the upheavals of World War Two

Cricket, migration and diasporic communities

Ever since different communities began processes of global migration, sport has been an integral feature in how we conceptualise and experience the notion of being part of a diaspora. Sport provides diasporic communities with a powerful means for creating transnational ties, but also shapes ideas of their ethnic and racial identities. In spite of this, theories of diaspora have been applied sparingly to sporting discourses. Due mainly to its central role in spreading dominant white racial narratives within the British Empire, and the various ways different ethnic groups have ‘played’ with the meanings and associations of the sport in the (post-)colonial period, cricket is an interesting focus for academic research. Despite W.G. Grace’s claim that cricket advances civilisation by promoting a common bond, binding together peoples of vastly different backgrounds, to this day cricket operates strict symbolic boundaries; defining those who do, and equally, do not belong. C.L.R. James’ now famous metaphor of looking ‘beyond the boundary’ captures the belief that, to fully understand the significance of cricket, and the sport’s roles in changing and shaping society, one must consider the wider social and political contexts within which the game is played. The collection of papers in this special issue does just that. Cricket acts as the point of departure in each, but the way in which ideas of power, representation and inequality are ‘played out’ is unique in each