COMPARATIVE STUDY ON RAMIPRIL AND TELMISARTAN-ASSOCIATED HYPONATREMIA

Objectives: This study was planned to study the association of ramipril and telmisartan with hyponatremia and to compare the hyponatremia effect of ramipril and telmisartan. Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Serum sodium levels were assayed in patients taking ramipril and telmisartan. Fifty-one patients were recruited. The patient’s age, gender, drug dosage, and frequency of drug administration were collected using a pro forma. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS version 23.0. Results: About 35.3% (28 out of 51) of the study population administered with ramipril and telmisartan developed hyponatremia. Predisposition to develop hyponatremia was high in males compared to females. Incidence of hyponatremia was 43.8% (7 out of 16) in the age group of 50–60 years. Although, incidence of hyponatremia was 56.5% (13 out of 23) in ramipril group compared to 17.9% (5 out of 28) in telmisartan group, it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The current study laid emphasis on the requisite for monitoring of serum sodium level in patients on ramipril and telmisartan administration to avoid morbidity and mortality due to unexpected adverse reactions

Canagliflozin: a novel ‘glucuretic’ approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Canagliflozin is the first in a new class of glucose-lowering drugs, an oral inhibitor of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2). SGLT2, the transporter is responsible for reabsorbing the majority of glucose filtered by the kidney. SGLT2 inhibitors are a new class of oral drugs indicated only for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in conjunction with exercise and a healthy diet. They inhibit glucose re-absorption in the proximal renal tubules providing an insulin independent mechanism to lower blood glucose. Their use in clinical studies is associated with improved glycemic control, weight loss, and a low risk of hypoglycemia. They have been studied alone and with other medications including sulfonylureas, sitagliptin, and insulin

Unmet needs, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Contraception in Women with Schizophrenia/Schizoaffective disorder

OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the unmet needs, knowledge, attitude, practice of contraception of married women with diagnosis of schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder in remission. 2. To evaluate factors associated with unmet needs and contraceptive practices. METHODS: Married women attending outpatient services of Department of Psychiatry of a tertiary care general hospital with ICD 10 diagnosis of schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder in remission were recruited after obtaining informed consent. Socio demographic and clinical details were collected. Psychopathology rating was done using Positive & Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and unmet needs were assessed using Camberwell assessment of Need Short Appraisal Schedule – patient rated version (CANSAS P). Knowledge, attitude, practise of contraception was assessed using modified version of a standardised questionnaire from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS Part 3). Statistical methods included descriptive methods, tests of association and logistic regression. RESULTS: Majority of women were housewives and from rural background.63.9% of women were educated up to high school. Mean PANSS score was 38 and 74% of patients had no unmet needs. Unmet needs were significantly associated with the location of residence being urban and lower level of education. Current practise of contraception was present in 71% of patients and factors significantly associated with the practice were age above 33 years, having two children, having at least one male child and undifferentiated schizophrenia. These results were discussed. CONCLUSIONS: This group of married women with Schizophrenia in remission had lesser number of unmet needs compared to no needs and met needs in various domains. Domains of unmet need were identified as were company, sexual expression, intimate relationship, psychological distress and looking after home. Twenty five percent of women had unmet need in at least one domain. Factors associated with unmet need were patient’s area of residence being urban and low level of education up to primary school level. Majority of women in this group had knowledge about a minimum of one contraceptive method. Uses of contraception was associated with age more than 33 years, parity, number of male children and undifferentiated subtype of Schizophrenia and was not associated with other socio demographic and illness variables

In vitro antibacterial effects of red alga Champia parvula (C. Agardh) of various solvents against human pathogenic bacteria

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antimicrobial inhibitory effect of Champia parvula (red alga) of various solvents at the concentration 100 g/mL, on pathogenic bacteria like Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cerus, Bacillus subtilius, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhii were studied by the disc diffusion method. The present study reveals that a higher zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhii (15.4 0.2), Bacillus subtilius (13.8 0.1) , Staphylococcus aureus (10.7 0.2) and Proteus vulgaris (10.6 0.1) in the methanol extract alone, followed by acetone, benzene, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts showed moderate activity against most of the pathogens, whereas chloroform extract is inactive only against Bacillus cerus. The positive control streptomycin shows inhibitory action against all the pathogens studied. This study shows the potential of marine active compounds from Champia parvula as an antimicrobial agent for a disease free environment

Impact of soaking, sprouting on antioxidant and anti-nutritional factors in millet grains

Commonly consumed millet types viz., Little millet, foxtail millet, pearl millet, finger millet, and Kodo millet were tested under two processing methods of soaking and germination at a different time point. Most popular processing practices adopted by Indian households were studied for their influence on the biochemical properties, antioxidant profile, and anti-nutritive factors. The results showed that the sprouting process showed a maximum influence on the antioxidant and anti-nutritive factors. The comparative analysis of the five millets suggested 24h soaking and 24h germination was found to be best for producing nutritionally enriched millet products. Tannin content decreases with an increase in germination. The reduction in tannin was about 50% in little millet (0.347 mg/g) and the highest was recorded in finger millet (2.07 mg/g). The highest amount of saponin content was found in pearl millet( 39.53 mg/g) followed by finger millet ( 34.86 mg/g) with 24 hr soaking and  24 hr germination. The phytase activity was found to be higher in little millet (61.520 u/kg) when prolonged soaking and germination. The DPPH assay showed sprouted foxtail millet grains contain more antioxidant activity (81.13%) when extent the period of soaking and germination

Integrating Non-linear and Linear Diffusion Techniques to Prevent Fault Attacks in Advanced Encryption Standard to Enhance Security of 4G-LTE Networks

Long term evolution based fourth generation (4G) mobile technology has provided a platform for fast and efficient wireless communication. The advanced encryption standard (AES) is one of the three cryptographic algorithms used in 4G networks for encryption of sensitive data. In spite of offering high immunity, AES is still vulnerable to few attacks. This weakness in AES algorithm makes 4G susceptible to several security issues. This paper specifically focuses on fault attacks performed on AES. A fault induced in any one of the rounds of AES helps the attacker to derive information about the secret key. In this manner, these fault attacks pose a serious threat to wireless mobile communication as he or she may gain access to any network that is encrypted with AES. In earlier works, various countermeasures have been suggested to prevent them. However, each of these preventive measures has their own limitations and vulnerabilities. This paper proposes an enhanced method of preventing fault attacks in AES by incorporating a combination of non-linear and linear diffusion techniques. This method identifies if a fault has been injected and diffuses the fault well into the matrix, providing no information about the secret key to the attacker. The performance evaluation proves that the proposed prevention method outperforms the others in terms of time, cost and efficiency

COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HONEY AGAINST AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

Objective: To compare the antibacterial activity of honey against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Methods: Honey is extracted from the honey comb by trained persons. Antimicrobial activity of honey is performed by Agar Cup Diffusion technique for 3 bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Clostridium perfringens. Results: By performing the technique with proper guidance, it is observed that the Staphylococcus aureus specimen shows sensitivity to honey whereas the other two specimens Escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens doesn’t show any sensitivity to honey. Conclusion: Due to its vast antibacterial activity of honey, it can be used along with other antibiotics to increase its efficiency

SSL: Smart Street Lamp Based On Fog Computing for Smarter Cities

Energy conservation and higher performance could be a should in sensible street lamps assembled in smart cities. the prevailing street lights don't seem to be appropriate for sensible cities wherever the upkeep and security is quiet sophisticated. so as to deal with these issues, a sensible streetlight (SSL) is planned in our idea. each sensible lamp may be operated severally which ends in an exceedingly fine management. all told sensible street lamps brightness may be adjusted dynamically. every streetlight will report the abnormal standing severally with an automatic alarm. The experimental results showed that planned SSL will improve energy potency and cut back danger. Intelligent street lamps are planned supported several communication technologies, like ZigBee, LPWA, GSM , and so on . moreover, there are several alternative communication technologies, like Bluetooth, UMTS/LTE, Wi-Fi , and so on. every of those communication technologies has its own characteristic. the road lamp is provided with some sensors, like location detector, infrared detector, and light-weight detector, to make associate degree intelligent sensing streetlight. Consequently, brightness of street lamps may be adjusted. As already mentioned, safety is one in all the foremost necessary characteristics of the sensible cities, and periodic maintenance of street lamps could be a key parameter for safety. The shorter the upkeep is, the higher the security is going to be

COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF GARLIC AGAINST AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

Objective: To compare the antibacterial activity of garlic against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Methods: Antimicrobial activity of garlic is performed by Agar cup diffusion technique for 3 bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and clostridium perfringens. Results: By performing the technique with proper guidance, it is observed that the Staphylococcus aureus specimen shows sensitivity to garlic whereas the other two specimens Escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens doesn’t show any sensitivity to garlic. Conclusion: Due to its vast antibacterial activity of garlic, it can be used along with other antibiotics to increase its efficiency