Association between depression, anxiety, and insomnia with musculoskeletal pain source: a multi-center study

Background: Musculoskeletal pain syndrome (MPS) is one of the modern diseases. Musculoskeletal pain (MP) may develop at any age and impact physical and mental health. This study aimed to evaluate the association between anxiety, depression, and insomnia with musculoskeletal pain source. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 450 patients with musculoskeletal pain. Goldberg depression (GB), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Morin Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) questionnaires were used to collect data. Participants have divided into two groups: individuals with unknown musculoskeletal pain sources and individuals with known musculoskeletal pain sources. Anxiety, depression, and insomnia scores were compared between the two groups. For statistical analysis of data mean (SD), frequency (), Chi-square, Mann-Whitney test, and Logistic regression models were used. All analysis was performed using SPSS 26. Results: In this study, 39.4 of the participants were in severe depression, 31.1 in severe anxiety, 34.7 in the no clinically significant, and 32.9 in the sub-threshold insomnia group. There was a significant difference between the severity of anxiety and insomnia in the two groups with the known and unknown pain sources (p < 0.05). However, the score of depression (OR = 1.00, 95 CI 0.99�1.01), anxiety (OR = 1.00, 95 CI 0.99�1.02), and insomnia (OR = 1.01, 95 CI 0.98�1.03) was not related to the pain source. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant relationship between anxiety and insomnia severity with musculoskeletal pain source. According to the high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and depression in both groups with known and unknown musculoskeletal pain sources, the cooperation of orthopedists, rheumatologists, and physical therapists with psychiatrist can be useful in improving the condition of patients. © 2021, The Author(s)

Rotating biological contactors : a review on main factors affecting performance

Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) constitute a very unique and superior alternative for biodegradable matter and nitrogen removal on account of their feasibility, simplicity of design and operation, short start-up, low land area requirement, low energy consumption, low operating and maintenance cost and treatment efficiency. The present review of RBCs focus on parameters that affect performance like rotational speed, organic and hydraulic loading rates, retention time, biofilm support media, staging, temperature, influent wastewater characteristics, biofilm characteristics, dissolved oxygen levels, effluent and solids recirculation, stepfeeding and medium submergence. Some RBCs scale-up and design considerations, operational problems and comparison with other wastewater treatment systems are also reported.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment by Combined Chemical Coagulation and Electrocoagulation Process

Slaughterhouse wastewater contains various and high amounts of organic matter (e.g., proteins, blood, fat and lard). In order to produce an effluent suitable for stream discharge, chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation techniques have been particularly explored at the laboratory pilot scale for organic compounds removal from slaughterhouse effluent. The purpose of this work was to investigate the feasibility of treating cattle-slaughterhouse wastewater by combined chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation process to achieve the required standards. The influence of the operating variables such as coagulant dose, electrical potential and reaction time on the removal efficiencies of major pollutants was determined. The rate of removal of pollutants linearly increased with increasing doses of PACl and applied voltage. COD and BOD5 removal of more than 99% was obtained by adding 100 mg/L PACl and applied voltage 40 V. The experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of chemical and electrochemical techniques for the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewaters. Consequently, combined processes are inferred to be superior to electrocoagulation alone for the removal of both organic and inorganic compounds from cattle-slaughterhouse wastewater

Trends in the Incidence Rates of Breast and Gynecological Cancers in Asia from 1998-2012: An Ecological Study

Background: There is limited evidence on the epidemiology and time trend analysis of incidence rates of gynecological cancer in Asia as a whole. We conducted this study to demonstrate breast and gynecological cancers incidence and trends in selected Asian populations. Method: We conducted this ecological study using cancer and population data from cancer incidence in five continents (CI5). We extracted the data of breast, uterine, cervix and ovary cancers in selected Asian populations from 1998 to 2012 from CI5plus. We used Joinpoint regression model (version 4.8.0.1) to evaluate the annual percentage change (APC), which characterizes trends in cancer rates over time, and the average annual percent changes (AAPCs), which describes the average APCs over a period of multiple years. Results were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Results: Between breast and gynecological cancers, breast cancer has the highest incidence rates among women in Asia. The time trend of the incidence rates showed a constant growth in breast, ovary and corpus uteri cancers. This rising trend was obviously sharper for uterine cancer (AAPC 95 CI = 3.4 3.0, 3.7) followed by breast AAPC 95% CI = 2.1 (2.0, 2.2) and ovarian cancers (AAPC 95% CI = 0.5 -0.4, 1.3). The age-adjusted incidence rate (ASR) of cervical cancer displayed a declining trend from 1998 to 2012 (AAPC 95% CI = -1.4 -2.4, -0.5). Conclusion: Incidence rates of breast and gynecological cancers have a rising trend in Asian countries. However, breast and gynecological cancers have different patterns of time trend. © 2022 Academy of Medical Sciences of I.R. Iran. All rights reserved

The effect of diurnal temperature range on mortality in Kerman, Iran

Diurnal temperature range (DTR) is one of the climate indicators likely to be related to human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between mortality and DTR in Kerman, Iran. The DLNM (Distributed Lag Non-linear Model)with a quas/i-Poisson regression model was used to evaluate the effect of DTR on mortality in age and sex groups by controlling the confounding variables (long-term trend of daily mortality, effect of day of the week, holidays, mean temperature, humidity, and air pollution). Since DTR effects on mortality may vary in cold and warm seasons, separate analyses were conducted for cold and warm seasons. DTR showed a non-linear relation with mortality. Mortality increased at the 90th percentile of DTR (CRR = 1.16, 95 CI 1.00�1.34), in lag 0�21 and at the 10th percentile of DTR in lag 0�13 (1.27, 95 CI 1.06�1.52), and lag 0�21 1.35 (95 CI 1.06�1.71). Increased mortality was more observed in the > 60 age group and in men. High levels of DTR after long lags (13 days) in the cold season were associated with increasing mortality. High and low diurnal temperature range may be a risk factor for mortality, especially in the men and elderly. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, AT part of Springer Nature

Content validity and test-retest reliability of a questionnaire to measure virtual social network addiction among students

Background: Addiction to virtual social networks (VSNs), especially among students, has become a crisis during the recent years. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of a questionnaire on VSN addiction among Iranian university students. Patients and Methods: The initial questionnaire was designed based on extensive literature review and consulting with experts. To measure the item and content validity indexes (I-CVI and S-CVI) and to measure the content validity ratio (CVR), a panel of 24 experts reviewed the questionnaire. To measure the test-retest reliability, the questionnaire was administered on 30 students within the interval of 14-21 days and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. Cronbach's alpha and the corrected item-total correlation were calculated to measure internal consistency. All analysis was done using SPSS 20 software. Results: All items had satisfactory CVR and I-CVI. The S-CVI was 0.98. The value of Cronbach's alpha was 0.88. The corrected item-total correlation for all items, except one, was in acceptable range. This item was removed from the final questionnaire. The test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was almost perfect (ICC = 0.9). Conclusions: The current study provides a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure VSN addiction among university students. The designed instrument could be used in addiction evaluation studies. © 2020, Author(s)

Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Hardness and Wear Behavior of 5120 AISI Steel

In this paper the effect of deep cryogenic treatment time on microstructure and tribological behavior of AISI 5120 case hardennig steel is studied. The disk shape samples were carburized at 920 ◦C for 6 hours and air cooled; after austenitizing, the samples were quenched in oil.Then immediately after quenching and sanding, the sample were kept in liquid nitrogen for 1, 24, 30 and 48 h and then tempered at 200 ◦C for 2 hours. The wear test was done by ball on disk method using of WC ball at 80 and 110 N load. For characterization of carbides, the etchant solution of CuCl2 (5 gr)+HCl (100 mL) + ethanol (100 mL) was used. The hardness of samples before and after of tempering was measured by vicers method at 300 N load.. The amount of retained austenite was measured by X Ray Diffraction method. For 1DCT and 24DCT samples it was about 8% and 4%; in the other samples, the retained austenite peal was so decreased that it was not visible. The result showed that the hardness increases by deep cryogenic treatment in all speciments. While wear resistance increases in 1DCT and 24DCT samples, it decreases for 30DCT and 48DCT samples in compare with Conventional heat treatment (CHT) sample in both applied loads, such that , 48DCT sample has the least wear resistance. The cause of increament of hardness is due to reduction in amount of retained austenite as a result of deep cryogenic treatment and decreasing in wear resistance after 24 hour, is due to carbide growth and nonhemogenuse distribution in microstructure and then weakening of matrix. So the 24 hour deep cryogenic treatment was the best optimal for AISI 5120 steel